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to move in high society

  • 1 alternar con la alta sociedad

    • move in high society

    Diccionario Técnico Español-Inglés > alternar con la alta sociedad

  • 2 mondain

    mondain, e [mɔ̃dɛ̃, εn]
    1. adjective
    [réunion, vie] society
    2. masculine noun, feminine noun
    * * *

    1.
    mondaine mɔ̃dɛ̃, ɛn adjectif [réception, vie] society (épith)

    2.
    nom masculin, féminin socialite
    * * *
    mɔ̃dɛ̃, ɛn mondain, -e
    1. adj
    1) (soirée, vie) society modif
    2) (obligations) social

    Ce sont des gens très mondains. — They're real high society people., They move in high society.

    Ce sont des gens très mondains. — They're very sociable people., They're real socialites.

    5) (artiste) fashionable
    6)
    2. nm/f
    3. nf

    la Mondaine; la police mondaine — the vice squad

    * * *
    A adj
    1 ( dans la haute société) [réception, vie] society ( épith); conversation mondaine polite conversation;
    B nm,f socialite.
    C mondaine○ nf ( brigade) vice squad.
    ( féminin mondaine) [mɔ̃dɛ̃, ɛn] adjectif
    1. [de la haute société] society (modificateur)
    carnet mondain, rubrique mondaine society ou gossip column
    soirée mondaine society ou high-society evening
    2. [qui aime les mondanités]
    ————————
    , mondaine [mɔ̃dɛ̃, ɛn] nom masculin, nom féminin
    ————————
    mondaine nom féminin

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > mondain

  • 3 общество обществ·о

    обновить общество — to rejuvenate / to renovate the society

    современное общество — modern / contemporary society

    зажиточные / обеспеченные слои общества — the well-to-do, the well-to-do sections of population

    общество, основанное на равенстве рас — colour-blind / nonracial society

    различные слои общества — different social circles / strata

    2) (круг людей) society, community

    бывать в обществе — to go out, to frequent society, to be a socialite

    высшее / светское общество — high society

    3) (организация, товарищество) society, company

    акционерное общество — joint-stock company / venture; corporation амер.

    дочернее общество — associated company, affiliate

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > общество обществ·о

  • 4 подвизавам се

    work, act, be active ( като as)
    подвизавам се на литературното поприще write, be a writer, be an author
    подвизавам се на сцената walk/tread the boards
    подвизавам се из висшето общество move in high society
    * * *
    подвиза̀вам се,
    възвр. гл. work, act, be active ( като as); \подвизавам се из висшето общество move in high society; \подвизавам се на сцената walk/tread the boards.

    Български-английски речник > подвизавам се

  • 5 вращаться в высшем обществе

    1) General subject: move in high society

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > вращаться в высшем обществе

  • 6 подвизавам

    1. ПОДВИЗАВАМ се из висшето общество move in high society 2. ПОДВИЗАВАМ се на литературното поприще write, be a writer, be an author 3. ПОДВИЗАВАМ се на сцената walk/ tread the boards 4. се work, act, be active (като as)

    Български-английски речник > подвизавам

  • 7 praticare

    virtù, pazienza show
    professione, sport practise
    locale frequent
    praticare molto sport do a lot of sport
    * * *
    praticare v.tr.
    1 to practise; to put* into practice: devi praticare ciò che ti hanno insegnato, you must practise what you have been told; una tribù che pratica la poligamia, a tribe that practises polygamy; praticare una virtù, to practise a virtue; praticare un metodo, to employ a method
    2 ( esercitare) to practise; to follow: praticare la professione dell'avvocato, to practise law; praticare un mestiere, to follow a trade; praticare l'usura, to practise usury
    3 ( frequentare) to frequent; to associate with (s.o.): gli piace praticare gli intellettuali, he likes to associate with intellectuals; non pratica l'alta società, he does not move in high society; da ragazzo praticavo questi luoghi, as a boy I used to frequent these places; è un sentiero poco praticato, it's a little-used path; praticare i campi da golf, to haunt the golf courses // praticare il mercato nero, to deal on the black market
    4 ( fare) to make*: praticare un'apertura, un foro, to make an opening, a hole; praticare un taglio, to make a hole; praticare prezzi bassi, to have low prices; praticare prezzi proibitivi, to price oneself out of the market; praticare uno sconto, to give a discount (o to reduce a price); (fin.) praticare il leasing immobiliare, to lease back
    ◆ v. intr.
    1 ( esercitare una professione) to practise: è un medico, ma non pratica, he is a doctor, but he does not practise
    2 ( vedersi abitualmente) to associate (with s.o.): non mi piacciono le persone con cui pratica, I don't like the people he associates with.
    * * *
    [prati'kare]
    verbo transitivo
    1) (esercitare) to play [ sport]; to practise BE, to practice AE [ professione]

    praticare la professione di medico, di avvocato — to practise medicine, law

    2) (eseguire) to make* [incisione, taglio, apertura]; to carry out [ aborto]

    praticare un'iniezione a qcn. — to give sb. an injection

    3) (applicare) to charge [ tassi d'interesse]; to give* [ sconto]
    4) (frequentare) to frequent [ luogo]; to associate with, to keep* company with [ persona]; (percorrere) to travel [ strada]
    5) relig. to follow, to practise BE, to pratice AE [ religione]
    * * *
    praticare
    /prati'kare/ [1]
     1 (esercitare) to play [ sport]; to practise BE, to practice AE [ professione]; praticare la professione di medico, di avvocato to practise medicine, law
     2 (eseguire) to make* [incisione, taglio, apertura]; to carry out [ aborto]; praticare un'iniezione a qcn. to give sb. an injection
     3 (applicare) to charge [ tassi d'interesse]; to give* [ sconto]
     4 (frequentare) to frequent [ luogo]; to associate with, to keep* company with [ persona]; (percorrere) to travel [ strada]
     5 relig. to follow, to practise BE, to pratice AE [ religione].

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > praticare

  • 8 monde

    monde [mɔ̃d]
    masculine noun
       a. world
    • où va le monde ? whatever is the world coming to?
    • envoyer or expédier qn dans l'autre monde to send sb to meet his (or her) maker
    • c'est le monde à l'envers ! whatever next!
    • le monde est petit ! it's a small world!
    • c'est un monde ! (inf) it's just not right!
    • musique/cuisine du monde world music/food
    • pas le moins du monde ! not at all!
    • ce village, c'est le bout du monde that village is in the middle of nowhere
    • ce n'est pas le bout du monde ! ( = ce n'est rien) it won't kill you!
       b. ( = gens) est-ce qu'il y a du monde ? ( = quelqu'un) is there anybody there? ; ( = foule) are there many people there?
    • il y a du monde ( = des gens) there are some people there ; ( = foule) there's quite a crowd
    • il y avait un monde fou ! (inf) the place was packed!
       c. ( = milieu social) set
    • le monde ( = la bonne société) society
    * * *
    mɔ̃d
    nom masculin
    1) gén world

    aller or voyager de par le monde, parcourir le monde — to travel the world

    c'est le bout du monde!, c'est au bout du monde! — it's in the back of beyond!

    ce n'est pas le bout du monde! — fig it' s not such a big deal!

    elle n'est plus de ce monde — euph she's no longer with us euph

    quand je ne serai plus de ce monde — euph when I have departed this world

    je n'étais pas encore au monde — I wasn't yet born; grand

    2) ( milieu) world

    un monde nous sépare — we are worlds apart; nouveau

    3) ( gens) people

    j'ai du monde ce soir — (colloq) I'm having people round GB ou over US tonight

    4) ( bonne société) society

    le beau or grand monde — high society

    ••

    c'est un monde! — (colloq) that's a bit much!

    * * *
    mɔ̃d nm
    1) (= planète) world
    2) (= bonne société)

    femme du monde — socialite, society woman

    3) (= milieu) world
    4) (= gens)

    beaucoup de monde — many people, a lot of people

    Il y avait beaucoup de monde au concert. — There were a lot of people at the concert.

    peu de monde — not many people, few people

    * * *
    monde nm
    1 ( terre) world; l'homme le plus grand/le plus riche du monde the tallest/the wealthiest man in the world; ce sont les meilleurs amis du monde they are the best of friends; expliquer le plus calmement/logiquement du monde que to explain quite calmly/logically that; pas le moins du monde not in the least ou slightest; si vous êtes le moins du monde soucieux if you are (in) the least bit worried; s'il souffrait le moins du monde if he felt any pain at all ou the slightest pain; se porter le mieux du monde to be fine; au monde gén on earth, in the world; personne/rien au monde ne la fera changer d'avis she won't change her mind for anybody/anything; pour rien au monde il ne raterait le match he wouldn't miss the match for anything; dans le monde entier all over the world; à travers le monde throughout the world; aller or voyager de par le monde liter, parcourir le monde to travel the world; il irait jusqu'au bout du monde pour la retrouver he would go to the ends of the earth to find her again; c'est le bout du monde!, c'est au bout du monde! it's miles from anywhere!, it's in the back of beyond!; mon père habite à l'autre bout du monde my father lives halfway around the world; ce n'est pas le bout du monde! fig it's not such a big deal!; comme le monde est petit! it's a small world!; ⇒ métier;
    2 ( société humaine) world; la faim/paix dans le monde world famine/peace; être les premiers au monde à faire to be the first in the world to do; vouloir refaire le monde to want to change the world ; être ouvert sur le monde to be aware of what is going on in the world; se retirer du monde to withdraw from the world; à la face du monde for all the world to see;
    3 ( ici-bas) les biens de ce monde worldly goods; en ce bas monde here below; l'autre monde the next world, the world to come; elle n'est plus de ce monde euph she's no longer with us euph; quand je ne serai plus de ce monde euph when I have departed this world; la perfection n'est pas de ce monde there is no such thing as perfection; le monde des vivants the land of the living; je n'étais pas encore au monde I wasn't yet born; ⇒ grand;
    4 (microcosme, section) world; le monde du travail/des idées the world of work/of ideas; le monde arabe/médical the Arab/medical world; le monde libre the free world; le monde moderne the modern world; le monde animal the animal kingdom; ils ne sont pas du même monde ( milieu) they are from different social backgrounds; c'est un monde à part it's a completely different world; cet événement marqua la fin d'un monde this event marked the end of an era; ⇒ ancien;
    5 ( gens) people; il y a du monde ( une foule) there are a lot of people; ( des gens) there's someone there; de plus en plus de monde more and more people; il n'y a pas grand monde there aren't many people; tout le monde everybody, everyone; voir beaucoup de monde to have a busy social life ; j'ai du monde ce soir○ I'm having people round GB ou over US tonight; elle se moque or se fout◑ du monde! what does she take us for?; tout mon petit monde my family and friends (pl); réunir tout son monde ( entourage) to get everyone together;
    6 ( bonne société) society; sortir dans le monde to go out into society; le beau or grand monde high society;
    7 ( écart) il y a un monde entre there's a world of difference between; un monde nous sépare, il y a un monde entre nous we are worlds apart.
    mettre un enfant au monde to bring a child into the world; venir au monde to come into the world; se faire (tout) un monde de qch to get all worked up about sth; ainsi va le monde that's the way it goes; depuis que le monde est monde since the beginning of time; il faut de tout pour faire un monde Prov it takes all sorts to make a world Prov; c'est le monde à l'envers! the world's turned upside down!; c'est un monde○! that's a bit much!
    [mɔ̃d] nom masculin
    1. [univers] world
    il n'est plus de ce monde he's no longer with us, he's gone to the next world
    en ce bas monde here on earth, here below
    depuis que le monde est monde since the beginning of time, since the world began
    2. [humanité] world
    tout le monde everybody, everyone
    tout le monde sait cela everybody ou the whole world knows that
    3. [pour intensifier]
    le plus simplement/gentiment du monde in the simplest/kindest possible way
    c'est ce que j'aime/je veux le plus au monde it's what I love/want most in the world
    pour rien au monde not for anything, not for the world
    nul ou personne au monde nobody in the world
    4. [communauté] world
    le monde de la finance the world of finance, the financial world
    le monde capitaliste/communiste the capitalist/communist world
    le monde animal/végétal the animal/plant world
    5. [gens] people (pluriel)
    il y a du monde? [en entrant chez quelqu'un] is there anybody home ou there?
    il y a un monde fou, c'est noir de monde the place is swarming ou alive with people
    ne t'en fais pas, je connais mon monde! don't worry, I know who I'm dealing with!
    tu te moques ou fiches (familier) ou fous (familier) du monde! you've got a nerve ou a bloody nerve!
    6. [société] world
    [groupe social] circle, set
    [classes élevées]
    le (beau) ou grand monde high society
    fréquenter le beau ou grand monde to mix with high society ou in society
    gens du monde socialites, society people
    7. [domaine] world, realm
    c'est un monde! (familier) that beats everything!, well I never!
    pourquoi ne ranges-tu jamais tes affaires, c'est un monde tout de même! (familier) why in the world ou why oh why don't you ever put your things away?

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > monde

  • 9 Gesellschaft

    f; -, -en
    1. society; eine klassenlose Gesellschaft a classless society
    2. nur Sg.; (Zusammensein mit anderen, Umgang) company; in jemandes Gesellschaft in the company of s.o.; jemandes Gesellschaft suchen seek the company of s.o.; gute / schlechte Gesellschaft good / bad company; in schlechte Gesellschaft geraten get in with the wrong crowd, keep bad company; jemandem Gesellschaft leisten keep s.o. company; jemandem Gesellschaft leisten bei join s.o. in (+ Ger.) komm, leiste mir ein bisschen Gesellschaft come and talk to me; hier hast du Gesellschaft here’s someone to keep you company; wir kriegen Gesellschaft look who’s coming; benimm dich, wir sind hier in Gesellschaft! (watch your manners -) we’re not at home now; sich in guter Gesellschaft befinden fig. iro. (unter Leidensgenossen etc.) be in good company; da bist du ja in guter Gesellschaft! auch join the club; zur Gesellschaft ein Glas mittrinken join s.o. (in a drink), be sociable
    3. nur Sg.; (Oberschicht): die feine Gesellschaft high society; eine Dame der Gesellschaft a society lady; sich in feiner oder guter Gesellschaft bewegen move in high circles; du bewegst dich ja nur in feiner Gesellschaft! iro. you don’t mix with the hoi polloi, do you?
    4. nur Sg.; pej. (Personenkreis) lot, bunch, crowd; ihr seid ja eine feine / langweilige Gesellschaft! what a mean / boring lot you are
    5. Veranstaltung: social gathering; (Party) party; eine Gesellschaft geben have ( oder give) a party; geschlossene Gesellschaft private party
    6. (Vereinigung) society, association; WIRTS. (Firma) company, Am. auch corporation; von Partnern: partnership; Gesellschaft des bürgerlichen Rechts non-trading private company; Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (abgek. GmbH) limited liability company (abgek. LLC), Brit. public limited company; Gesellschaft Jesu KATH. Society of Jesus
    * * *
    die Gesellschaft
    (Begleitung) companionship; company;
    (Firma) corporation; company;
    (Sozialwesen) society;
    (Vereinigung) association; society;
    * * *
    Ge|sẹll|schaft [gə'zɛlʃaft]
    f -, -en
    1) (SOCIOL fig = Oberschicht) society

    die Gesellschaft verändern — to change society

    2) (= Vereinigung) society; (COMM) company
    3) (= Abendgesellschaft) reception, party; (= Gäste) guests pl, party
    4) (in Restaurant etc) function
    5) (= Umgang, Begleitung) company, society (old, form)

    zur Gesellschaft — to be sociable

    6) (= Kreis von Menschen) group of people; (pej) pack, bunch, crowd (all inf)

    diese Familie/Abteilung ist eine komische Gesellschaft — that family/department are an odd bunch (inf)

    * * *
    die
    1) (state of being or of having companion(s): She enjoys the companionship of young people.) companionship
    2) (a number of people joined together for a (commercial) purpose: a glass-manufacturing company.) company
    3) (companionship: I was grateful for her company; She's always good company.) company
    4) (a group of companions: He got into bad company.) company
    5) (mankind considered as a whole: He was a danger to society.) society
    6) (a particular group or part of mankind considered as a whole: middle-class society; modern western societies.) society
    7) (the class of people who are wealthy, fashionable or of high rank in any area: high society.) society
    8) (company or companionship: I enjoy the society of young people.) society
    * * *
    Ge·sell·schaft
    <-, -en>
    [gəˈzɛlʃaft]
    f
    1. (Gemeinschaft) society
    2. ÖKON company, corporation
    abhängige \Gesellschaft dependent company
    \Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung [o GmbH] limited liability company BRIT, close corporation AM
    \Gesellschaft des bürgerlichen Rechts non-trading partnership, AM civil corporation, company constituted under civil law
    eine \Gesellschaft handelsgerichtlich eintragen to register [or incorporate] a company
    stille \Gesellschaft dormant [or sleeping] partnership
    3. (Vereinigung) society, association
    die ehrenwerte \Gesellschaft (Mafia) the Cosa Nostra
    4. (Fest) party
    eine \Gesellschaft geben to have [or give] [or throw] a party
    Schild: geschlossene \Gesellschaft sign: private function
    jdn in die \Gesellschaft einführen to introduce sb to society life
    eine Dame der \Gesellschaft a high-society lady
    6. (Kreis von Menschen) group of people, crowd, bunch fam, lot fam
    eine bunte \Gesellschaft a mixed crowd
    gemischte \Gesellschaft (pej) bad crowd
    sich akk [mit etw dat] in guter \Gesellschaft befinden to be in good company [with sth]
    in schlechte \Gesellschaft geraten to get in [or fall in] with the wrong crowd, to get into bad company
    in zweifelhafter \Gesellschaft in doubtful company
    jdm \Gesellschaft leisten to join sb
    in \Gesellschaft with sb
    in \Gesellschaft von jdm in the company of sb
    7. (Umgang) company
    * * *
    die; Gesellschaft, Gesellschaften
    2) (Anwesenheit anderer) company
    3) (Veranstaltung) party
    4) (Kreis von Menschen) group of people; crowd; (abwertend) crew; lot (coll.)
    5) (Wirtschaft) company
    * * *
    Gesellschaft f; -, -en
    1. society;
    eine klassenlose Gesellschaft a classless society
    2. nur sg; (Zusammensein mit anderen, Umgang) company;
    in jemandes Gesellschaft in the company of sb;
    jemandes Gesellschaft suchen seek the company of sb;
    gute/schlechte Gesellschaft good/bad company;
    in schlechte Gesellschaft geraten get in with the wrong crowd, keep bad company;
    komm, leiste mir ein bisschen Gesellschaft come and talk to me;
    hier hast du Gesellschaft here’s someone to keep you company;
    wir kriegen Gesellschaft look who’s coming;
    benimm dich, wir sind hier in Gesellschaft! (watch your manners -) we’re not at home now;
    sich in guter Gesellschaft befinden fig iron (unter Leidensgenossen etc) be in good company;
    da bist du ja in guter Gesellschaft! auch join the club;
    zur Gesellschaft ein Glas mittrinken join sb (in a drink), be sociable
    3. nur sg; (Oberschicht):
    die feine Gesellschaft high society;
    guter Gesellschaft bewegen move in high circles;
    du bewegst dich ja nur in feiner Gesellschaft! iron you don’t mix with the hoi polloi, do you?
    4. nur sg; pej (Personenkreis) lot, bunch, crowd;
    ihr seid ja eine feine/langweilige Gesellschaft! what a mean/boring lot you are
    5. Veranstaltung: social gathering; (Party) party;
    6. (Vereinigung) society, association; WIRTSCH (Firma) company, US auch corporation; von Partnern: partnership;
    Gesellschaft des bürgerlichen Rechts non-trading private company;
    Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (abk GmbH) limited liability company (abk LLC), Br public limited company;
    Gesellschaft Jesu KATH Society of Jesus
    * * *
    die; Gesellschaft, Gesellschaften
    4) (Kreis von Menschen) group of people; crowd; (abwertend) crew; lot (coll.)
    5) (Wirtschaft) company
    * * *
    f.
    association n.
    companion n.
    companionship n.
    company n.
    corporation n.
    group n.
    party n.
    society n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Gesellschaft

  • 10 società

    f invar company
    ( associazione) society
    società a responsabilità limitata limited liability company
    società in nome collettivo general partnership
    società per azioni joint stock company
    società del benessere welfare society
    società dei consumi consumer society
    * * *
    società s.f.
    1 society, community: la società moderna, modern society; la società umana, human society; la società industriale, industrial society; società dei consumi, consumer society; società opulenta, del benessere, affluent society; doveri verso la società, duties towards society (o the community); essere in lotta con la società, to be at war with society; vivere ai margini della società, to live on the fringe of society // la società delle api, the society of bees // la società elegante, the fashionable world; l'alta società, high society // i rifiuti della società, the outcasts of society
    2 ( associazione) society, association: società filantropica, philanthropic (o charitable) society; società sportiva, sports society // società segreta, secret society // società di mutuo soccorso, mutual aid (o friendly) society // società per la protezione degli animali, Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals // (st.) Società delle Nazioni, League of Nations // l'onorata società, the Mafia; the Camorra
    3 (dir., econ.) company; partnership; concern; firm; (amer.) corporation: società di assicurazione, insurance company; società di trasporti, carrying (o transport) company; società di navigazione, ferroviaria, shipping, railway company; società armatrice, shipowner company; società edilizia, ( per mutui) building society, ( impresa) building firm; società immobiliare, real estate (o property) company; società mineraria, mining company // società anonima, joint-stock company; società per azioni, di capitali, joint-stock (o stock) company (o company limited by shares); società per azioni a proprietario unico, one-man business (o company), (amer.) sole corporation; società di persone, partnership, (amer.) non-stock corporation; società a responsabilità limitata, limited (liability o guarantee) company; società a responsabilità illimitata, unlimited (liability) company; società in accomandita semplice, limited partnership; società in nome collettivo, copartnership (o general o unlimited partnership); società in compartecipazione, joint venture; società a partecipazione statale, government controlled company; società multinazionale, multinational company (o amer. corporation); società di controllo, controllante, controlling company; società controllata, controlled company; società capogruppo, madre, parent company; società consociata, affiliata, affiliate (o subsidiary o affiliated o sister company); società subentrante, successor company; società autorizzata, costituita, incorporated company; società non registrata, unincorporated association; società quotata, non quotata in Borsa, listed (o quoted) company, unlisted (o unquoted) company; società di fatto, (amer.) de facto (o unregistered) corporation; società di comodo, dummy company; società fantasma, fittizia, bogus company; (amer.) sham corporation; società semplice, (ordinary) partnership; società cooperativa, cooperative society (o mutual company); società familiare, family company; società commerciale, (amer.) business corporation; società di consulenza, consulting firm; società di gestione, management trust; società di revisione contabile, auditing company; società fiduciaria, trust company; società finanziaria, investment trust; società finanziaria di controllo, holding company; società di finanziamento, finance company; società di investimento, investment company; società mutua di credito, credit association // costituire, formare, sciogliere, liquidare una società, to form, to dissolve, to wind up a partnership; entrare, mettersi in società con qlcu., to go into business (o to set up partnership) with s.o.; (fam.) to go into partnership with s.o.; comprare qlco. in società con qlcu., (fam.) to share (o to split) the cost of sthg. with s.o.; giocare in società con qlcu., (fam.) to make a joint bet with s.o.
    4 (riunione, ritrovo elegante) society: abito da, di società, evening dress; ( da uomo) ( smoking) dinner jacket (o amer. tuxedo); ( frac) evening dress; giochi di società, party (o parlour) games; vita di società, social life; non mi trovo a mio agio in società, I don't feel at ease in society; entrare in società, to enter society; frequentare la società, to move in society.
    * * *
    [sotʃe'ta]
    sostantivo femminile invariabile
    1) sociol. society

    alta, buona società — high, polite society

    3) (associazione) association, club, society

    società calcistica, sportiva — football, sports club

    4) dir. econ. company

    società di assicurazioni, servizi, navigazione — insurance, service, shipping company

    essere, entrare in società con qcn. — to be in, to enter into partnership with sb

    5) colloq.

    comprare qcs. in società con qcn. — to go in on sth. with sb

    •

    società per azioni — public company, limited company BE, corporation AE

    società finanziaria — finance company, finance house

    * * *
    società
    /sot∫e'ta/
    f.inv.
     1 sociol. society; la società moderna modern society; vivere in società to live in society; gioco di società parlour game
     2 (ceto) alta, buona società high, polite society
     3 (associazione) association, club, society; società calcistica, sportiva football, sports club; società segreta secret society
     4 dir. econ. company; società di assicurazioni, servizi, navigazione insurance, service, shipping company; essere, entrare in società con qcn. to be in, to enter into partnership with sb.
     5 colloq. comprare qcs. in società con qcn. to go in on sth. with sb.
    società in accomandita semplice limited partnership; società anonima joint-stock company; società per azioni public company, limited company BE, corporation AE; società del benessere affluent society; società civile society; società commerciale business firm; società dei consumi consumer society; società finanziaria finance company, finance house; società in nome collettivo general partnership; società a responsabilità limitata limited company.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > società

  • 11 общество

    ср.
    1) (в разл. знач.)
    society; association; community

    общество защиты — (животных и т. п.) humane society

    общество спасения — (на водах и т. п.) humane society

    2) company; society

    вращаться в обществе кого-л. — to move in smb.'s circle; to mingle/associate/mix/consort with smb.

    подонки общества — scum/dregs of society

    удаляться от общества — to withdraw/retire from society

    элитарное общество — exclusive circle, select circle, high circle

    высшее общество — rank and fashion, haut monde, top-drawer

    3) экон. company

    Русско-английский словарь по общей лексике > общество

  • 12 GmbH

    f; -, -s; Abk. ( Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) Gesellschaft 6
    * * *
    die GmbH
    (Abk.: Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) limited liability company; private limited company; private limited liability company; limited company
    * * *
    [geː|ɛmbeː'haː]
    f -, -s abbr
    limited company, Ltd
    * * *
    <-, -s>
    [ge:ʔɛmbe:ˈha:]
    f Abk von Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ≈ Ltd BRIT
    * * *
    Abkürzung = Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ≈ plc, PLC
    * * *
    Gesellschaft f; -, -en
    1. society;
    eine klassenlose Gesellschaft a classless society
    2. nur sg; (Zusammensein mit anderen, Umgang) company;
    in jemandes Gesellschaft in the company of sb;
    jemandes Gesellschaft suchen seek the company of sb;
    gute/schlechte Gesellschaft good/bad company;
    in schlechte Gesellschaft geraten get in with the wrong crowd, keep bad company;
    komm, leiste mir ein bisschen Gesellschaft come and talk to me;
    hier hast du Gesellschaft here’s someone to keep you company;
    wir kriegen Gesellschaft look who’s coming;
    benimm dich, wir sind hier in Gesellschaft! (watch your manners -) we’re not at home now;
    sich in guter Gesellschaft befinden fig iron (unter Leidensgenossen etc) be in good company;
    da bist du ja in guter Gesellschaft! auch join the club;
    3. nur sg; (Oberschicht):
    die feine Gesellschaft high society;
    guter Gesellschaft bewegen move in high circles;
    du bewegst dich ja nur in feiner Gesellschaft! iron you don’t mix with the hoi polloi, do you?
    4. nur sg; pej (Personenkreis) lot, bunch, crowd;
    ihr seid ja eine feine/langweilige Gesellschaft! what a mean/boring lot you are
    5. Veranstaltung: social gathering; (Party) party;
    6. (Vereinigung) society, association; WIRTSCH (Firma) company, US auch corporation; von Partnern: partnership;
    Gesellschaft des bürgerlichen Rechts non-trading private company;
    Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (abk GmbH) limited liability company (abk LLC), Br public limited company;
    Gesellschaft Jesu KATH Society of Jesus
    * * *
    Abkürzung = Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ≈ plc, PLC

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > GmbH

  • 13 Gotha

    gotha [gɔta]
    masculine noun
    ( = aristocratie) le gotha high society
    * * *
    gɔta
    nom masculin ( noblesse) aristocracy; ( haute société) high society
    * * *
    ɡɔta nm
    (= élite) elite
    * * *
    gotha nm ( noblesse) aristocracy; ( haute société) high society; fréquenter le gotha politique/financier to move in high political/financial circles; le gotha des publicitaires the top advertising agents (pl); le gotha économique the economic elite.
    [gɔta] nom masculin
    [aristocratie] aristocracy
    [élite] elite

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > Gotha

  • 14 kring

    1 [cirkelvormig figuur] circle ⇒ ring, 〈 elektriciteit〉 circuit
    2 [cirkel van personen of dingen] circle ⇒ ring
    3 [maatschappelijke groep] circle
    4 [omsloten ruimte, gebied] circle ⇒ 〈 sfeer〉 sphere
    5 [personen die iemand omringen] circle
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   kringen onder de ogen hebben • have bags under one's eyes
         in een kring(etje) ronddraaien • go/run round in circles
         kringen maken in/op een tafelblad • make rings on a tabletop
    2   in een kring zitten • sit in a ring/circle
    3   de hogere kringen • high society
         in politieke kringen • in political circles
         in de hoogste kringen verkeren • move in the highest circles
         in alle kringen • in all walks of life
         mensen uit/in haar (eigen) kring • people from/in her (own) set/ 〈 informeel〉 crowd
    4   〈 figuurlijk〉 iets in ruimer kring bekendmaken • make something more widely known
         in brede kring ontevredenheid oproepen • cause widespread dissatisfaction
    5   in besloten kring • in private
         de huiselijke kring • the family/domestic circle

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > kring

  • 15 общество

    society, community
    (среда) company
    първобитно общество a primitive community/society
    социалистическо/безкласово/комунистическо общество a socialist/classless/communist society
    висше общество high life/society
    намирам си общество find congenial company, find o.'s level
    добро/лошо общество good/bad company
    движа се в добро/лошо общество keep good/bad company
    избягвам общество тона avoid the society of
    в интереса на обществото in the public interest, in the interest of the community
    * * *
    общество̀,
    ср., -а̀ society, community; ( среда) company; в интереса на \обществоото in the public interest, in the interest of the community; висше \обществоо high life/society; влизам в \обществоото enter society; гражданско \обществоо civil society; движа се в добро/лошо \обществоо keep good/bad company; движа се във висшето \обществоо move in fashionable circles; избягвам \обществоото на avoid the society of; издигам се в \обществоото rise in the world; намирам си \обществоо find congenial company, find o.’s level; не сме се срещали в \обществоото we haven’t met socially; първобитно \обществоо истор. a primitive community/society.
    * * *
    society: join a общество - присъединявам се към общество; community;
    * * *
    1. (среда) company 2. society, community 3. в интереса на ОБЩЕСТВОто in the public interest, in the interest of the community 4. висше ОБЩЕСТВО high life/society 5. влизам в ОБЩЕСТВОто enter society 6. движа се в добро/лошо ОБЩЕСТВО keep good/bad company 7. движа се във висшето ОБЩЕСТВО move in fashionable circles 8. добро/лошо ОБЩЕСТВО good/bad company 9. избягвам ОБЩЕСТВО тона avoid the society of 10. издигам се в ОБЩЕСТВО то rise in the world 11. намирам си ОБЩЕСТВОfind congenial company, find o.'s level 12. първобитно ОБЩЕСТВО a primitive community/society 13. социалистическо/ безкласово/ комунистическо ОБЩЕСТВО a socialist/classless/communist society

    Български-английски речник > общество

  • 16 seguir

    v.
    1 to follow.
    tú ve delante, que yo te sigo you go ahead, I'll follow o I'll go behind
    seguir algo de cerca to follow o monitor something closely (desarrollo, resultados)
    Ellos siguen la caravana They follow the convoy.
    Eso es lo que sigue That is what follows.
    2 to follow.
    me parece que nos siguen I think we're being followed
    3 to continue, to resume.
    Me sigue el dolor My pain persists.
    4 to continue, to go on.
    ¡sigue, no te pares! go o carry on, don't stop!
    aquí se baja él, yo sigo he's getting out here, I'm going on (al taxista)
    sigo trabajando en la fábrica I'm still working at the factory
    debes seguir haciéndolo you should keep on o carry on doing it
    sigo pensando que está mal I still think it's wrong
    sigue enferma/en el hospital she's still ill/in hospital
    ¿qué tal sigue la familia? how's the family getting on o keeping?
    5 to keep on, to go along, to carry on, to continue.
    María se sigue haciendo daño Mary keeps on hurting herself.
    6 to continue to be, to continue being, to keep, to keep being.
    Las chicas siguen testarudas The girls continue to be stubborn.
    7 to obey, to keep.
    Las chicas siguen las reglas The girls obey the rules.
    8 to imitate, to follow.
    Los fanáticos siguen al cantante The fans imitate the singer.
    9 to come afterwards, to come next, to come after, to come along.
    Algo bueno sigue Something good comes afterwards.
    * * *
    (e changes to i in certain persons of certain tenses; gu changes to g before a and o)
    Present Indicative
    sigo, sigues, sigue, seguimos, seguís, siguen.
    Past Indicative
    seguí, seguiste, siguió, seguimos, seguisteis, siguieron.
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Future Subjunctive
    Imperative
    sigue (tú), siga (él/Vd.), sigamos (nos.), seguid (vos.), sigan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=perseguir) [+ persona, pista] to follow; [+ indicio] to follow up; [+ presa] to chase, pursue

    ella llegó primero, seguida del embajador — she arrived first, followed by the ambassador

    2) (=estar atento a) [+ programa de TV] to watch, follow; [+ programa de radio] to listen to, follow; [+ proceso, progreso] to monitor, follow up; [+ satélite] to track
    3) (=hacer caso de) [+ consejo] to follow, take; [+ instrucciones, doctrina, líder] to follow
    4) [+ rumbo, dirección] to follow

    siga esta calle y al final gire a la derecha — carry on up o follow this street and turn right at the end

    • seguir su curso, el proyecto sigue su curso — the project is still on course, the project continues on (its) course

    5) (=entender) [+ razonamiento] to follow

    ¿me sigues? — are you with me?

    6) (Educ) [+ curso] to take, do
    7) † [+ mujer] to court †
    2. VI
    1) (=continuar) to go on, carry on

    ¿quieres que sigamos? — shall we go on?

    ¡siga! — (=hable) go on!, carry on; LAm (=pase) come in

    ¡síguele! — Méx go on!

    "sigue" — [en carta] P.T.O.; [en libro] continued

    2)

    • seguir adelante — [persona] to go on, carry on; [acontecimiento] to go ahead

    adelante 1)
    3) [en estado, situación] to be still

    ¿cómo sigue? — how is he?

    que siga usted bien — keep well, look after yourself

    • seguimos sin teléfono — we still haven't got a phone

    4)

    • seguir haciendo algo — to go on doing sth, carry on doing sth

    siguió mirándola — he went on o carried on looking at her

    el ordenador seguía funcionando — the computer carried on working, the computer was still working

    5) (=venir a continuación) to follow, follow on

    entre otros ejemplos destacan los que siguen — amongst other examples, the following stand out

    • seguir a algo, las horas que siguieron a la tragedia — the hours following o that followed the tragedy

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <persona/vehículo/presa> to follow

    camina muy rápido, no la puedo seguir — she walks very fast, I can't keep up with her

    el que la sigue la consigue — (fam) if at first you don't succeed, try, try again

    2) <camino/ruta>

    siga esta carretera hasta llegar al puente — go along o follow this road as far as the bridge

    3) ( en el tiempo) to follow

    seguir a algo/alguien — to follow something/somebody

    4)
    a) <instrucciones/consejo/flecha> to follow
    b) ( basarse en) <autor/teoría/método/tradición> to follow
    5)
    a) <trámite/procedimiento> to follow
    b) (Educ) < curso> to take

    estoy siguiendo un curso de fotografía — I'm doing o taking a photography course

    6)
    a) <explicaciones/profesor> to follow

    dicta demasiado rápido, no la puedo seguir — she dictates too quickly, I can't keep up

    ¿me siguen? — are you with me?

    no sigo ese programa — I don't watch that program, I'm not following that program

    2.
    seguir vi
    1)
    a) ( por un camino) to go on

    siga derecho or todo recto hasta el final de la calle — keep o go straight on to the end of the street

    seguir de largo — (AmL) to go straight past

    b)
    c) (Col, Ven) ( entrar)

    siga por favor — come in, please

    2) (en lugar, estado)

    ¿tus padres siguen en Ginebra? — are your parents still in Geneva?

    sigue soltera/tan bonita como siempre — she's still single/as pretty as ever

    si las cosas siguen así... — if things carry on like this...

    si sigue así de trabajador, llegará lejos — if he carries on working as hard as this, he'll go a long way

    3)
    a) tareas/buen tiempo/lluvia to continue; rumores to persist
    b)

    seguir + ger: sigo pensando que deberíamos haber ido I still think we ought to have gone; sigue leyendo tú you read now; seguiré haciéndolo a mi manera — I'll go on o carry on doing it my way, I shall continue to do it my way (frml)

    4)
    a) (venir después, estar contiguo)
    b) historia/poema to continue

    ¿cómo sigue la canción? — how does the song go on?

    3.
    seguirse v pron (en 3a pers)

    de esto se sigue que... — it follows from this that...

    * * *
    = accord with, adhere to, chase, conform to, espouse, fit, follow, keep to, observe, pursue, run along, stay, stick to, proceed, overlay, carry on, go ahead, soldier on, succeed, hew to, overlie, keep up, roll on.
    Ex. So while that tracing may have accorded with a rule, it violated common sense.
    Ex. Since BC adheres closely to the educational and scientific consensus, BC found most favour with libraries in educational establishments.
    Ex. Also, in controlled indexing language data bases, there is often an assumption that a user will be prepared to chase strings of references or to consult a sometimes complex thesaurus.
    Ex. These basic permutation rules are modified somewhat to conform to bibliographic requirements.
    Ex. Most respondents espoused the latter view as an appropriate response to IT developments to date.
    Ex. Especially if the new subject is one which upsets the previous structure of relationships, it will be difficult to fit into the existing order.
    Ex. An abstract covers all of the main points made in the original document, and usually follows the style and arrangement of the parent document.
    Ex. Obviously, once a choice of citation order has been made it must be kept to, otherwise, chaos will result.
    Ex. It is worth briefly observing a general approach to the creation of a data base.
    Ex. All effective indexes must have some common facets if only because the audience does not alter merely because the indexer chooses to pursue certain indexing practices.
    Ex. Whevener logical processes of thought are employed - that is, whenever thought for a time runs along an accepted groove - there is an opportunity for the machine.
    Ex. What is possibly less easy is to making sure that the guiding stays clean, neat and accurate.
    Ex. It might be striking to outline the instrumentalities of the future more spectacularly, rather than to stick closely to methods and elements now known.
    Ex. Before we proceed to look at the operators in detail, a couple of examples may help to make the layout clearer.
    Ex. There may be a very flexible communication system that overlays the administrative structure, or there may be a fairly rigid pattern of communication that adheres to the administrative lines of authority.
    Ex. If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.
    Ex. A plan for the construction and implementation phases will be drawn up, if it is decided to go ahead = Si se decide continuar, se elaborará un plan para las fases de construcción y puesta en práctica.
    Ex. Russell soldiered on in 'Principles of Mathematics', he pleaded a distinction between analysis by way of philosophical definitions and analysis by way of mathematical definitions.
    Ex. In 1964 he was promoted to Associate Director of the Processing Department where he succeeded John Cronin as Director four years later.
    Ex. The structure adopted hews to the theoretical model of the resilient organization as described by Enright.
    Ex. The disputes between islanders and outsiders overlie the deeper problem of administrative denial of indigenous lagoon rights.
    Ex. He was told to ' keep up whatever it is he was doing' because he was doing great!.
    Ex. But to make matters worse, and as the drought rolls on, it is very likely that it won't rain again until October or November.
    ----
    * camino a seguir, el = way forward, the.
    * como siga así = at this rate.
    * como sigue = as follows.
    * debate + seguir = debate + rage.
    * difícil de seguir = heavy going.
    * el camino a seguir = the way ahead, the way to go.
    * hay que seguir adelante = the show must go on.
    * indicar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * indicar el camino a seguir para = point + the way to.
    * las cosas siguen igual = business as usual.
    * la vida + seguir = life + go on.
    * modelos a seguir = lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * mostrar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * no saber cómo seguir = be stuck, get + stuck.
    * no seguir una norma = fall (far) short of + norm.
    * pautas a seguir = best practices, lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * pendiente de seguir la última moda = fashion-conscious.
    * procedimiento a seguir = code of practice.
    * que sigue = ensuing.
    * que sigue una norma = compliant (with).
    * que uno sigue a su propio ritmo = self-paced, self-guided.
    * resignarse y seguir adelante = bite + the bullet.
    * seguir activo = remain + in being, remain + in place.
    * seguir adelante = go forward, forge + ahead, forge + forward, go ahead, go straight ahead, carry through, move along, move forward, press forward (with), move + forward, continue on + Posesivo + way, move on.
    * seguir adelante con = go ahead with, stick with.
    * seguir a flote = stay in + business, stay + afloat.
    * seguir al día = remain on top of.
    * seguir Algo al pie de la letra = follow + Nombre + to the letter.
    * seguir Algo a rajatabla = follow + Nombre + to the letter.
    * seguir al pie de la letra = keep + strictly to the letter.
    * seguir al pie del cañón = soldier on.
    * seguir a rajatabla = keep + strictly to the letter.
    * seguir así = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work.
    * seguir avanzando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * seguir caminando = continue on + Posesivo + way.
    * seguir como antes = go on + as before.
    * seguir como modelo = pattern.
    * seguir con = go on with, maintain + continuity, maintain + momentum, stick at.
    * seguir con Algo = take + Nombre + further.
    * seguir con el buen hacer = keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work.
    * seguir con el control = stay in + control.
    * seguir con el mando = stay in + control.
    * seguir con + Posesivo + vida normal = get on with + Posesivo + life.
    * seguir considerando = consider + further.
    * seguir de cerca = monitor, stay in + control, keep + track of.
    * seguir desarrollando = develop + further.
    * seguir el buen camino = keep on + the right track, keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * seguir el camino de la verdad = keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * seguir el camino más ético = take + the high ground, take + the high road.
    * seguir el debate = follow + the thread.
    * seguir el ejemplo = follow + the lead, take after.
    * seguir el ejemplo de = take + Posesivo + cue from, take + a cue from.
    * seguir el ejemplo de Alguien = take + a leaf out of + Posesivo + book, follow + Posesivo + example.
    * seguir el hilo = follow + the thread.
    * seguir el ritmo de Algo o Alguien = keep up with + pace.
    * seguir en contacto = stay + tuned.
    * seguir en contacto (con) = stay in + touch (with), keep in + touch (with).
    * seguir en existencia = remain + in being.
    * seguir en la brecha = soldier on.
    * seguir en pie = hold + Posesivo + own, hold up.
    * seguir entre los primeros = remain on top.
    * seguir enviando + Nombre = keep + Nombre + coming.
    * seguir este camino = go along + this road.
    * seguir este rumbo = proceed + along this way.
    * seguir + Gerundio = keep on + Gerundio.
    * seguir haciéndolo así = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir haciéndolo bien = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir haciendo lo mismo = business as usual.
    * seguir igual = be none the worse for wear.
    * seguir inmediatamente = fast on the heels of, on the heels of.
    * seguir inmediatamente a = come on + the heels of.
    * seguir irreconciliable con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir la conversación = follow + the thread.
    * seguir la corazonada de uno = play + Posesivo + hunches.
    * seguir la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * seguir la iniciativa = follow + the lead.
    * seguir la marcha de = monitor.
    * seguir la moda = catch + the fever.
    * seguir la pista = follow up, track, follow through, shadow, track down.
    * seguir la pista a un documento = chase + item.
    * seguir la pista de = keep + track of.
    * seguir la trayectoria = follow up, follow through.
    * seguirle el juego a, seguirle la corriente a = play along with.
    * seguirle la corriente a = play along with.
    * seguir levantado = stay up.
    * seguir líneas diferentes = be on different lines.
    * seguir lo mismo = remain + the same.
    * seguir los pasos de = follow in + the footsteps of.
    * seguir malgastando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.
    * seguir opuesto a = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir por delante de = keep + one step ahead of.
    * seguir por el buen camino = keep out of + trouble, keep on + the right track.
    * seguir + Posesivo + pasos = follow in + Posesivo + footsteps.
    * seguir progresando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * seguirse = ensue.
    * seguir siendo = remain.
    * seguir siendo + Adjetivo = remain + Adjetivo.
    * seguir siendo lo mismo = remain + the same.
    * seguir sin agraciarse con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir sin haberse traducido = remain + untranslated.
    * seguir sin reconciliarse con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir sin traducirse = remain + untranslated.
    * seguir tirando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando una limitación = work (a)round + shortcoming, work (a)round + limitation, work (a)round + constraints.
    * seguir trabajando así = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir trabajando bien = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir tratando = discuss + further.
    * seguir una dirección = follow + path, take + path.
    * seguir una escala = fall along + a continuum.
    * seguir una estrategia = take + tack.
    * seguir una filosofía = espouse + philosophy.
    * seguir una metodología = adopt + approach.
    * seguir una práctica = adopt + practice.
    * seguir una táctica = take + tack.
    * seguir una trayectoria = follow + track.
    * seguir un camino = take + path, take + direction, tread + path, walk + path.
    * seguir un camino diferente = strike out on + a different path.
    * seguir un consejo = take + advice.
    * seguir un curso de acción = follow + track.
    * seguir un método = take + approach.
    * seguir un modelo = embrace + model, conform to + image.
    * seguir unos pasos = follow + steps.
    * seguir un patrón = conform to + image.
    * seguir un principio = adopt + convention.
    * seguir un rumbo diferente = take + a different turn.
    * seguir + Verbo = still + Verbo.
    * seguir vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * seguir viviendo = live on.
    * seguir vivo = live on, stay + alive.
    * siguiendo = along.
    * siguiendo un estilo indicativo = indicatively.
    * si sigue así = at this rate.
    * si todo sigue igual = all (other) things being equal.
    * tiempo + seguir su marcha inexorable = time + march on.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <persona/vehículo/presa> to follow

    camina muy rápido, no la puedo seguir — she walks very fast, I can't keep up with her

    el que la sigue la consigue — (fam) if at first you don't succeed, try, try again

    2) <camino/ruta>

    siga esta carretera hasta llegar al puente — go along o follow this road as far as the bridge

    3) ( en el tiempo) to follow

    seguir a algo/alguien — to follow something/somebody

    4)
    a) <instrucciones/consejo/flecha> to follow
    b) ( basarse en) <autor/teoría/método/tradición> to follow
    5)
    a) <trámite/procedimiento> to follow
    b) (Educ) < curso> to take

    estoy siguiendo un curso de fotografía — I'm doing o taking a photography course

    6)
    a) <explicaciones/profesor> to follow

    dicta demasiado rápido, no la puedo seguir — she dictates too quickly, I can't keep up

    ¿me siguen? — are you with me?

    no sigo ese programa — I don't watch that program, I'm not following that program

    2.
    seguir vi
    1)
    a) ( por un camino) to go on

    siga derecho or todo recto hasta el final de la calle — keep o go straight on to the end of the street

    seguir de largo — (AmL) to go straight past

    b)
    c) (Col, Ven) ( entrar)

    siga por favor — come in, please

    2) (en lugar, estado)

    ¿tus padres siguen en Ginebra? — are your parents still in Geneva?

    sigue soltera/tan bonita como siempre — she's still single/as pretty as ever

    si las cosas siguen así... — if things carry on like this...

    si sigue así de trabajador, llegará lejos — if he carries on working as hard as this, he'll go a long way

    3)
    a) tareas/buen tiempo/lluvia to continue; rumores to persist
    b)

    seguir + ger: sigo pensando que deberíamos haber ido I still think we ought to have gone; sigue leyendo tú you read now; seguiré haciéndolo a mi manera — I'll go on o carry on doing it my way, I shall continue to do it my way (frml)

    4)
    a) (venir después, estar contiguo)
    b) historia/poema to continue

    ¿cómo sigue la canción? — how does the song go on?

    3.
    seguirse v pron (en 3a pers)

    de esto se sigue que... — it follows from this that...

    * * *
    = accord with, adhere to, chase, conform to, espouse, fit, follow, keep to, observe, pursue, run along, stay, stick to, proceed, overlay, carry on, go ahead, soldier on, succeed, hew to, overlie, keep up, roll on.

    Ex: So while that tracing may have accorded with a rule, it violated common sense.

    Ex: Since BC adheres closely to the educational and scientific consensus, BC found most favour with libraries in educational establishments.
    Ex: Also, in controlled indexing language data bases, there is often an assumption that a user will be prepared to chase strings of references or to consult a sometimes complex thesaurus.
    Ex: These basic permutation rules are modified somewhat to conform to bibliographic requirements.
    Ex: Most respondents espoused the latter view as an appropriate response to IT developments to date.
    Ex: Especially if the new subject is one which upsets the previous structure of relationships, it will be difficult to fit into the existing order.
    Ex: An abstract covers all of the main points made in the original document, and usually follows the style and arrangement of the parent document.
    Ex: Obviously, once a choice of citation order has been made it must be kept to, otherwise, chaos will result.
    Ex: It is worth briefly observing a general approach to the creation of a data base.
    Ex: All effective indexes must have some common facets if only because the audience does not alter merely because the indexer chooses to pursue certain indexing practices.
    Ex: Whevener logical processes of thought are employed - that is, whenever thought for a time runs along an accepted groove - there is an opportunity for the machine.
    Ex: What is possibly less easy is to making sure that the guiding stays clean, neat and accurate.
    Ex: It might be striking to outline the instrumentalities of the future more spectacularly, rather than to stick closely to methods and elements now known.
    Ex: Before we proceed to look at the operators in detail, a couple of examples may help to make the layout clearer.
    Ex: There may be a very flexible communication system that overlays the administrative structure, or there may be a fairly rigid pattern of communication that adheres to the administrative lines of authority.
    Ex: If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.
    Ex: A plan for the construction and implementation phases will be drawn up, if it is decided to go ahead = Si se decide continuar, se elaborará un plan para las fases de construcción y puesta en práctica.
    Ex: Russell soldiered on in 'Principles of Mathematics', he pleaded a distinction between analysis by way of philosophical definitions and analysis by way of mathematical definitions.
    Ex: In 1964 he was promoted to Associate Director of the Processing Department where he succeeded John Cronin as Director four years later.
    Ex: The structure adopted hews to the theoretical model of the resilient organization as described by Enright.
    Ex: The disputes between islanders and outsiders overlie the deeper problem of administrative denial of indigenous lagoon rights.
    Ex: He was told to ' keep up whatever it is he was doing' because he was doing great!.
    Ex: But to make matters worse, and as the drought rolls on, it is very likely that it won't rain again until October or November.
    * camino a seguir, el = way forward, the.
    * como siga así = at this rate.
    * como sigue = as follows.
    * debate + seguir = debate + rage.
    * difícil de seguir = heavy going.
    * el camino a seguir = the way ahead, the way to go.
    * hay que seguir adelante = the show must go on.
    * indicar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * indicar el camino a seguir para = point + the way to.
    * las cosas siguen igual = business as usual.
    * la vida + seguir = life + go on.
    * modelos a seguir = lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * mostrar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * no saber cómo seguir = be stuck, get + stuck.
    * no seguir una norma = fall (far) short of + norm.
    * pautas a seguir = best practices, lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * pendiente de seguir la última moda = fashion-conscious.
    * procedimiento a seguir = code of practice.
    * que sigue = ensuing.
    * que sigue una norma = compliant (with).
    * que uno sigue a su propio ritmo = self-paced, self-guided.
    * resignarse y seguir adelante = bite + the bullet.
    * seguir activo = remain + in being, remain + in place.
    * seguir adelante = go forward, forge + ahead, forge + forward, go ahead, go straight ahead, carry through, move along, move forward, press forward (with), move + forward, continue on + Posesivo + way, move on.
    * seguir adelante con = go ahead with, stick with.
    * seguir a flote = stay in + business, stay + afloat.
    * seguir al día = remain on top of.
    * seguir Algo al pie de la letra = follow + Nombre + to the letter.
    * seguir Algo a rajatabla = follow + Nombre + to the letter.
    * seguir al pie de la letra = keep + strictly to the letter.
    * seguir al pie del cañón = soldier on.
    * seguir a rajatabla = keep + strictly to the letter.
    * seguir así = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work.
    * seguir avanzando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * seguir caminando = continue on + Posesivo + way.
    * seguir como antes = go on + as before.
    * seguir como modelo = pattern.
    * seguir con = go on with, maintain + continuity, maintain + momentum, stick at.
    * seguir con Algo = take + Nombre + further.
    * seguir con el buen hacer = keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work.
    * seguir con el control = stay in + control.
    * seguir con el mando = stay in + control.
    * seguir con + Posesivo + vida normal = get on with + Posesivo + life.
    * seguir considerando = consider + further.
    * seguir de cerca = monitor, stay in + control, keep + track of.
    * seguir desarrollando = develop + further.
    * seguir el buen camino = keep on + the right track, keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * seguir el camino de la verdad = keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * seguir el camino más ético = take + the high ground, take + the high road.
    * seguir el debate = follow + the thread.
    * seguir el ejemplo = follow + the lead, take after.
    * seguir el ejemplo de = take + Posesivo + cue from, take + a cue from.
    * seguir el ejemplo de Alguien = take + a leaf out of + Posesivo + book, follow + Posesivo + example.
    * seguir el hilo = follow + the thread.
    * seguir el ritmo de Algo o Alguien = keep up with + pace.
    * seguir en contacto = stay + tuned.
    * seguir en contacto (con) = stay in + touch (with), keep in + touch (with).
    * seguir en existencia = remain + in being.
    * seguir en la brecha = soldier on.
    * seguir en pie = hold + Posesivo + own, hold up.
    * seguir entre los primeros = remain on top.
    * seguir enviando + Nombre = keep + Nombre + coming.
    * seguir este camino = go along + this road.
    * seguir este rumbo = proceed + along this way.
    * seguir + Gerundio = keep on + Gerundio.
    * seguir haciéndolo así = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir haciéndolo bien = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir haciendo lo mismo = business as usual.
    * seguir igual = be none the worse for wear.
    * seguir inmediatamente = fast on the heels of, on the heels of.
    * seguir inmediatamente a = come on + the heels of.
    * seguir irreconciliable con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir la conversación = follow + the thread.
    * seguir la corazonada de uno = play + Posesivo + hunches.
    * seguir la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * seguir la iniciativa = follow + the lead.
    * seguir la marcha de = monitor.
    * seguir la moda = catch + the fever.
    * seguir la pista = follow up, track, follow through, shadow, track down.
    * seguir la pista a un documento = chase + item.
    * seguir la pista de = keep + track of.
    * seguir la trayectoria = follow up, follow through.
    * seguirle el juego a, seguirle la corriente a = play along with.
    * seguirle la corriente a = play along with.
    * seguir levantado = stay up.
    * seguir líneas diferentes = be on different lines.
    * seguir lo mismo = remain + the same.
    * seguir los pasos de = follow in + the footsteps of.
    * seguir malgastando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.
    * seguir opuesto a = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir por delante de = keep + one step ahead of.
    * seguir por el buen camino = keep out of + trouble, keep on + the right track.
    * seguir + Posesivo + pasos = follow in + Posesivo + footsteps.
    * seguir progresando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * seguirse = ensue.
    * seguir siendo = remain.
    * seguir siendo + Adjetivo = remain + Adjetivo.
    * seguir siendo lo mismo = remain + the same.
    * seguir sin agraciarse con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir sin haberse traducido = remain + untranslated.
    * seguir sin reconciliarse con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir sin traducirse = remain + untranslated.
    * seguir tirando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando una limitación = work (a)round + shortcoming, work (a)round + limitation, work (a)round + constraints.
    * seguir trabajando así = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir trabajando bien = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir tratando = discuss + further.
    * seguir una dirección = follow + path, take + path.
    * seguir una escala = fall along + a continuum.
    * seguir una estrategia = take + tack.
    * seguir una filosofía = espouse + philosophy.
    * seguir una metodología = adopt + approach.
    * seguir una práctica = adopt + practice.
    * seguir una táctica = take + tack.
    * seguir una trayectoria = follow + track.
    * seguir un camino = take + path, take + direction, tread + path, walk + path.
    * seguir un camino diferente = strike out on + a different path.
    * seguir un consejo = take + advice.
    * seguir un curso de acción = follow + track.
    * seguir un método = take + approach.
    * seguir un modelo = embrace + model, conform to + image.
    * seguir unos pasos = follow + steps.
    * seguir un patrón = conform to + image.
    * seguir un principio = adopt + convention.
    * seguir un rumbo diferente = take + a different turn.
    * seguir + Verbo = still + Verbo.
    * seguir vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * seguir viviendo = live on.
    * seguir vivo = live on, stay + alive.
    * siguiendo = along.
    * siguiendo un estilo indicativo = indicatively.
    * si sigue así = at this rate.
    * si todo sigue igual = all (other) things being equal.
    * tiempo + seguir su marcha inexorable = time + march on.

    * * *
    seguir [ I30 ]
    vt
    A ‹persona/vehículo› to follow; ‹presa› to follow
    sígame, por favor follow me, please
    la hizo seguir por un detective he had her followed by a detective
    camina muy rápido, no la puedo seguir she walks very fast, I can't keep up with her
    siga (a) ese coche follow that car!
    creo que nos están siguiendo I think we're being followed
    la siguió con la mirada he followed her with his eyes
    le venían siguiendo los movimientos desde hacía meses they had been watching his movements for months
    seguidos cada vez más de cerca por los japoneses with the Japanese catching up o gaining on them all the time
    la mala suerte la seguía a todas partes she was dogged by bad luck wherever she went
    el que la sigue la consigue or la mata ( fam); if at first you don't succeed, try, try again
    B ‹camino/ruta›
    siga esta carretera hasta llegar al puente go along o take o follow this road as far as the bridge
    continuamos el viaje siguiendo la costa we continued our journey following the coast
    me paré a saludarla y seguí mi camino I stopped to say hello to her and went on my way
    si se sigue este camino se pasa por Capileira if you take this route you go through Capileira
    seguimos las huellas del animal hasta el río we tracked the animal to the river
    la enfermedad sigue su curso normal the illness is taking o running its normal course
    el tour sigue la ruta de Bolívar the tour follows the route taken by Bolivar
    siguiéndole los pasos al hermano mayor, decidió estudiar medicina following in his elder brother's footsteps, he decided to study medicine
    C (en el tiempo) to follow seguir A algo/algn to follow sth/sb
    los disturbios que siguieron a la manifestación the disturbances that followed the demonstration
    el hermano que me sigue está en Asunción the brother who comes after me is in Asunción
    D
    1 ‹instrucciones/consejo› to follow
    tienes que seguir el dictamen de tu conciencia you must be guided by your conscience
    2 (basarse en) ‹autor/teoría/método› to follow
    en su clasificación sigue a Sheldon he follows Sheldon in his classification
    sus esculturas siguen el modelo clásico her sculptures are in the classical style
    sigue a Kant she's a follower of Kant's philosophy
    sigue las líneas establecidas por nuestro fundador it follows the lines laid down by our founder
    E
    1 ‹trámite/procedimiento› to follow
    va a tener que seguir un tratamiento especial/una dieta hipocalórica you will have to undergo special treatment/follow a low-calorie diet
    se seguirá contra usted el procedimiento de suspensión del permiso de conducción steps will be taken leading to the withdrawal of your driver's license
    2 ( Educ) ‹curso› to take
    estoy siguiendo un cursillo de fotografía I'm doing o taking a short photography course
    ¿qué carrera piensas seguir? what are you thinking of studying o reading?
    F
    1 ‹explicaciones/profesor› to follow
    dicta demasiado rápido, no la puedo seguir she dictates too quickly, I can't keep up
    me cuesta seguir una conversación en francés I find it hard to follow a conversation in French
    ¿me siguen? are you with me?
    2
    (permanecer atento a): no sigo ese programa I don't watch that program, I'm not following that program
    sigue atentamente el curso de los acontecimientos he's following the course of events very closely
    sigue paso a paso la vida de su ídolo she keeps track of every detail of her idol's life
    seguimos muy de cerca su desarrollo we are keeping careful track of its development, we are following its development very closely
    ■ seguir
    vi
    A
    1 (por un camino) to go on
    siga derecho or todo recto hasta el final de la calle keep o go straight on to the end of the street
    sigue por esta calle hasta el semáforo go on down this street as far as the traffic lights
    el tren sigue hasta Salto the train goes on to Salto
    desde allí hay que seguir a pie/en mula from there you have to go on on foot/by mule
    2
    seguir adelante: ¿entienden? bien, entonces sigamos adelante do you understand? good, then let's carry on
    llueve ¿regresamos? — no, sigamos adelante it's raining, shall we go back? — no, let's go on o carry on
    resolvieron seguir adelante con los planes they decided to go ahead with their plans
    3
    ( Col) (entrar): siga por favor come in, please
    B
    (en un lugar, un estado): ¿tus padres siguen en Ginebra? are your parents still in Geneva?
    espero que sigan todos bien I hope you're all keeping well
    ¿sigues con la idea de mudarte? do you still intend to move?, are you still thinking of moving?
    sigo sin entender I still don't understand
    sigue soltera/tan bonita como siempre she's still single/as pretty as ever
    si sigue así de trabajador, llegará lejos if he carries on working as hard as this, he'll go a long way
    C
    1
    «tareas/investigaciones/rumores»: siguen las investigaciones en torno al crimen investigations are continuing into the crime
    sigue el buen tiempo en todo el país the good weather is continuing throughout the country, the whole country is still enjoying good weather
    si siguen estos rumores if these rumors persist
    2 seguir + GER:
    sigo pensando que deberíamos haber ido I still think we ought to have gone
    sigue leyendo tú, Elsa you read now, Elsa
    si sigues molestando te voy a echar if you carry on being a nuisance, I'm going to send you out
    seguiré haciéndolo a mi manera I'll go on o carry on doing it my way, I shall continue to do it my way ( frml)
    D
    1
    (venir después, estar contiguo): lee lo que sigue read what follows, read what comes next
    el capítulo que sigue the next chapter
    me bajo en la parada que sigue I get off at the next stop
    sigue una hora de música clásica there follows an hour of classical music
    2 «historia/poema» to continue
    ¿cómo sigue la canción? how does the song go on?
    [ S ] sigue en la página 8 continued on page 8
    la lista definitiva ha quedado como sigue the final list is as follows
    ( en tercera persona) seguirse DE algo to follow FROM sth
    de esto se sigue que su muerte no fue accidental it follows from this that her death was not accidental
    * * *

     

    seguir ( conjugate seguir) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹persona/vehículo/presa› to follow;
    ◊ camina muy rápido, no la puedo seguir she walks very fast, I can't keep up with her

    2 ‹camino/ruta› to follow, go along;
    ◊ siga esta carretera hasta llegar al puente go along o follow this road as far as the bridge;

    la saludé y seguí mi camino I said hello to her and went on (my way);
    la enfermedad sigue su curso normal the illness is running its normal course
    3
    a) ‹instrucciones/consejo/flecha› to follow

    b) ‹autor/método/tradición/moda› to follow;


    4
    a) ‹trámite/procedimiento› to follow;

    ‹ tratamiento› to undergo
    b) (Educ) ‹ curso› to do, take

    5 ‹explicaciones/profesor› to follow;
    ◊ dicta demasiado rápido, no la puedo seguir she dictates too quickly, I can't keep up

    verbo intransitivo
    1

    siga derecho or todo recto keep o go straight on;

    seguir de largo (AmL) to go straight past
    b)


    resolvieron seguir adelante con los planes they decided to go ahead with their plans
    c) (Col, Ven) ( entrar):

    ◊ siga por favor come in, please

    2 (en lugar, estado):
    ◊ ¿tus padres siguen en Ginebra? are your parents still in Geneva?;

    espero que sigan todos bien I hope you're all keeping well;
    sigue soltera she's still single;
    si las cosas siguen así … if things carry on like this …
    3 [tareas/buen tiempo/lluvia] to continue;
    [ rumores] to persist;

    seguiré haciéndolo a mi manera I'll go on o carry on doing it my way
    4


    el capítulo que sigue the next chapter
    b) [historia/poema] to continue, go on

    seguir
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to follow: ésta es la hermana que me sigue, she's the sister who comes after me
    me sigue a todas partes, he follows me wherever I go
    me seguía con la mirada, his eyes followed me
    2 (comprender) to understand, follow: no soy capaz de seguir el argumento, I can't follow the plot
    3 (una ruta, un camino, consejo) to follow
    4 (el ritmo, la moda) to keep: no sigues el ritmo, you aren't keeping time
    5 (el rastro, las huellas) to track
    6 (una actividad) sigue un curso de informática, she's doing a computer course
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (continuar) to keep (on), go on: seguiremos mañana, we'll continue tomorrow
    siguen casados, they are still married
    sigue tirando de la cuerda, keep (on) pulling at the rope ➣ Ver nota en continue y keep 2 (extenderse, llegar hasta) to stretch (out): los sembrados siguen hasta la ribera, the fields stretch down to the river-bank
    ' seguir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    atorarse
    - continuar
    - escala
    - golpe
    - impulsar
    - juego
    - profesar
    - rastrear
    - ritmo
    - sino
    - suceder
    - trece
    - adelante
    - bordear
    - camino
    - cauce
    - cerca
    - línea
    - llevar
    - moda
    - paso
    - perro
    - racha
    - separar
    - siga
    - sigo
    - trazar
    - ver
    English:
    act on
    - advice
    - along
    - carry on
    - closely
    - continue
    - despite
    - ensue
    - fight on
    - follow
    - follow up
    - forge
    - get on
    - go ahead
    - go on
    - go through with
    - hope
    - hotly
    - keep
    - keep on
    - lead
    - march on
    - monitor
    - move on
    - obey
    - pick up
    - play on
    - play upon
    - practice
    - practise
    - press ahead
    - proceed
    - pursue
    - push ahead
    - push on
    - rattle on
    - reasoning
    - run on
    - send on
    - shadow
    - soldier on
    - stalk
    - stand
    - stay out
    - struggle on
    - succeed
    - tail
    - take
    - track
    - trail
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [ir detrás de, tomar la ruta de] to follow;
    tú ve delante, que yo te sigo you go ahead, I'll follow o I'll go behind;
    síganme, por favor follow me, please;
    la generación que nos sigue o [m5] que sigue a la nuestra the next generation, the generation after us;
    sigue este sendero hasta llegar a un bosque follow this path until you come to a forest;
    seguir el rastro de alguien/algo to follow sb's/sth's tracks;
    siga la flecha [en letrero] follow the arrow
    2. [perseguir] to follow;
    me parece que nos siguen I think we're being followed;
    parece que le siguen los problemas trouble seems to follow him around wherever he goes;
    el que la sigue la consigue where there's a will there's a way
    3. [estar atento a, imitar, obedecer] to follow;
    seguían con la vista la trayectoria de la bola they followed the ball with their eyes;
    no seguimos ese programa we don't follow that programme;
    seguir algo de cerca [su desarrollo, sus resultados] to follow o monitor sth closely;
    siempre sigue los dictámenes de la moda she always follows the latest fashion;
    los que siguen a Keynes followers of Keynes;
    el cuadro sigue una línea clásica the painting is classical in style;
    seguir las órdenes/instrucciones de alguien to follow sb's orders/instructions;
    sigue mi consejo y habla con ella take my advice and talk to her;
    siguiendo sus indicaciones, hemos cancelado el pedido we have cancelled the order as instructed
    4. [reanudar, continuar] to continue, to resume;
    yo seguí mi trabajo/camino I continued with my work/on my way;
    él siguió su discurso he continued o resumed his speech
    5. [comprender] [explicación, profesor, conferenciante] to follow;
    me costaba seguirle I found her hard to follow;
    ¿me sigues? do you follow?, are you with me?
    6. [mantener, someterse a] to follow;
    hay que seguir un cierto orden you have to follow o do things in a certain order;
    seguiremos el procedimiento habitual we will follow the usual procedure;
    es difícil seguirle (el ritmo), va muy deprisa it's hard to keep up with him, he goes very quickly;
    los aspirantes elegidos seguirán un proceso de formación the chosen candidates will receive o undergo training
    7. [cursar]
    sigue un curso de italiano he's doing an Italian course;
    sigue la carrera de medicina she's studying medicine
    ♦ vi
    1. [proseguir, no detenerse] to continue, to go on;
    ¡sigue, no te pares! go o carry on, don't stop!;
    aquí se baja él, yo sigo [al taxista] he's getting out here, I'm going on;
    siga con su trabajo carry on with your work;
    el sendero sigue hasta la cima the path continues o carries on to the top;
    "sigue la crisis en la bolsa de Tokio" Tokyo stock market crisis continues;
    debes seguir haciéndolo you should keep on o carry on doing it;
    ¿vas a seguir intentándolo? are you going to keep trying?;
    se seguían viendo de vez en cuando they still saw each other from time to time, they continued to see each other from time to time;
    seguir adelante (con algo) [con planes, proyectos] to go ahead (with sth)
    2. [mantenerse, permanecer]
    sigue enferma/en el hospital she's still ill/in hospital;
    ¿qué tal sigue la familia? how's the family getting on o keeping?;
    todo sigue igual everything's still the same, nothing has changed;
    sigue el buen tiempo en el sur del país the good weather in the south of the country is continuing;
    sigo trabajando en la fábrica I'm still working at the factory;
    ¿la sigues queriendo? do you still love her?;
    sigo pensando que está mal I still think it's wrong;
    sigue habiendo dudas sobre… doubts remain about…;
    ¡buen trabajo, sigue así! good work, keep it up!;
    si seguimos jugando así, ganaremos la liga if we carry on o keep playing like that, we'll win the league;
    Fam
    a seguir bien [como despedida] take care, look after yourself;
    de seguir así las cosas, si las cosas siguen así if things go on like this, the way things are going
    3. [tomar un camino]
    el resto siguió por otro camino the rest went another way;
    seguiremos hacia el este we'll go east then;
    siga todo recto go straight on;
    siga hasta el siguiente semáforo carry on till you get to the next set of traffic lights
    4. [sucederse, ir después] to follow;
    lo que sigue es una cita del Corán the following is a quotation from the Koran;
    seguir a algo to follow sth;
    la lluvia siguió a los truenos the thunder was followed by rain;
    ¿cómo sigue el chiste? how does the joke go on o continue?;
    el proceso de selección se realizará como sigue:… the selection process will be carried out as follows:…;
    sigue en la página 20 [en periódico, libro] continued on page 20
    5. Col [para dar permiso] please do;
    con permiso, ¿puedo entrar? – siga excuse me, can I come in? – please do
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 consejo, camino, moda etc follow;
    seguir a alguien follow s.o.
    :
    seguir fiel a alguien remain faithful to s.o.
    II v/i continue, carry on;
    seguir con algo continue with sth, carry on with sth;
    seguir haciendo algo go on doing sth, continue to do sth;
    sigue cometiendo los mismos errores he keeps on making the same mistakes;
    sigue enfadado conmigo he’s still angry with me;
    ¡a seguir bien! take care!, take it easy!
    * * *
    seguir {75} vt
    1) : to follow
    el sol sigue la lluvia: sunshine follows the rain
    seguiré tu consejo: I'll follow your advice
    me siguieron con la mirada: they followed me with their eyes
    2) : to go along, to keep on
    seguimos toda la carretera panamericana: we continued along the PanAmerican Highway
    siguió hablando: he kept on talking
    seguir el curso: to stay on course
    3) : to take (a course, a treatment)
    seguir vi
    1) : to go on, to keep going
    sigue adelante: keep going, carry on
    2) : to remain, to continue to be
    ¿todavía sigues aquí?: you're still here?
    sigue con vida: she's still alive
    3) : to follow, to come after
    la frase que sigue: the following sentence
    * * *
    seguir vb
    1. (en general) to follow
    3. (recorrer) to go on
    ¡sigue! No te pares go on! Don't stop!
    4. (continuar) to be still

    Spanish-English dictionary > seguir

  • 17 importancia

    f.
    importance.
    dar importancia a algo to attach importance to something
    darse importancia to give oneself airs
    de importancia important, of importance
    sin importancia unimportant
    quitar importancia a algo to play something down
    * * *
    1 importance
    \
    dar importancia a algo to take something seriously
    darse importancia to give oneself airs
    de importancia (gen) important 2 (herida, lesión) serious
    no tiene importancia it's nothing, it doesn't matter, it's not important
    quitar importancia a algo, restar importancia a algo to play something down
    sin importancia unimportant
    tener importancia to be important
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *

    ¿y eso qué importancia tiene? — and how is that important o significant?, and what significance does that have?

    no te preocupes, no tiene importancia — don't worry, it's not important

    • carecer de importancia — to be unimportant

    • de cierta importancia — [empresa, asunto] of some importance, important; [herida] serious

    • conceder o dar mucha importancia a algo — to attach great importance to sth

    no quiero darle más importancia de la que tiene, pero... — I don't want to make an issue of this but...

    • darse importancia — to give o.s. airs

    • quitar o restar importancia a algo — to make light of sth, play down the importance of sth

    • sin importancia — [herida, comentario] minor

    * * *
    femenino importance

    detalles sin importancia — minor o insignificant details

    concederle or darle importancia a algo — to attach importance to something

    quitarle or restarle importancia a algo — to play down the importance of something

    ¿y eso qué importancia tiene? — so what?

    darse importancia — to give oneself airs

    * * *
    = importance, merit, notability, pre-eminence [preeminence], prominence, significance, standing, stature, value, distinction, visibility, centrality, meaningfulness, worthwhileness, profile, premium, import, fuse, consequence.
    Ex. This format is becoming common in new thesauri, partly because the recognition of the importance of viewing both relationships and subject terms in one tool.
    Ex. Much will be said later about the merits and drawbacks of the various types of index and approaches to indexing.
    Ex. Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.
    Ex. Despite its pre-eminence, or possibly because of it, DC has its critics.
    Ex. Weights are a quantitative measure of the prominence of various index terms in the description of a subject and may form the basis of an alternative search logic.
    Ex. Whatever viewpoint is taken, it is difficult to dispute the significance of AACR1.
    Ex. Their sheer institutional standing and regard have had a bearing upon the creation of a situation which is a good deal better than it might otherwise have been.
    Ex. Merely having the materials available will not provide the desired boost to the library's stature unless the collection is exceptional.
    Ex. This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.
    Ex. Mystery and detective stories, love and romance fiction, adventure and western stories, recent novels widely publicized but of little literary distinction, popularizations of current affairs characterized by sensationalism and easy dogmatism rather than by dispassionate and qualified analysis -- these and similar books are widely circulated by the public library.
    Ex. The new director considers that there is need for recruitment of librarians from all backgrounds into the profession and that librarianship needs higher visibility within society.
    Ex. Gilman advocated the academic library's centrality to research.
    Ex. The author challenges the meaningfulness of precision and recall values as a measure of performance of a retrieval system.
    Ex. But it always assumes the importance, the worthwhileness, of human experience even when -- as in tragedy -- it finds much in that experience evil.
    Ex. There is also a further dilemma concerning formats such as film and audio which have tended to receive a lower profile in the library world (too awkward, too cluttered with copyright restrictions, too technically instable).
    Ex. To presuppose that clients will continue to travel to defined locations earmarked as libraries in search of information is to deny the premium on time prevalent in today's culture.
    Ex. A new set of conventions has had to be developed, using mathematical symbols mainly, which have international import.
    Ex. Accessibility is the most important factor in determining the level of fuse of an information source.
    Ex. I am looking for guidance on a potential digitization project of some consequence.
    ----
    * adquirir importancia = assume + importance, attain + importance, come up, take on + added weight, gain + significance, move up + the agenda, gain + importance, gain in + importance.
    * adquirir importancia histórica = make + history, go down in + history.
    * asunto de importancia = matter of weight, matter of consequence.
    * asunto sin importancia = matter of no consequence.
    * aumentar de importancia = grow in + importance, grow in + significance.
    * clasificar en orden de importancia = rank + in order of importance.
    * cobrar importancia = assume + importance, take on + added weight, move up + the agenda, gain + importance, be on the agenda.
    * conceder importancia = accord + significance level, attach + importance, place + importance.
    * conceder mucha importancia a = lay + great store on.
    * concienciar a Alguien de la importancia de la información = raise + information awareness.
    * consciente de la importancia de la información = information conscious.
    * crecer en importancia = grow from + strength to strength, increase in + importance.
    * cuestión de importancia = matter of consequence.
    * cuestión sin importancia = matter of no consequence.
    * dar a Algo más importancia de la que tiene = oversell.
    * dar bastante importancia a = place + great store on.
    * dar importancia = attach + importance, give + prominence, stress, give + pre-eminence, give + relevance, place + importance, give + importance.
    * dar importancia a = give + weight to, place + emphasis on, attach + weight to, create + a high profile for, give + a high profile, place + weight on.
    * dar importancia a Algo = put + Algo + on the agenda, be on the agenda.
    * dar mayor importancia a = give + pride of place to.
    * dar mucha importancia = put + a premium on.
    * de capital importancia = momentous, of cardinal importance.
    * de crucial importancia = crucially important.
    * de especial importancia = of particular note.
    * de fundamental importancia = of prime importance, critically important.
    * de importancia = of note, of consequence.
    * de importancia creciente = of growing importance.
    * de importancia crucial = crucially important.
    * de importancia fundamental = critically important.
    * de importancia secundaria = incidental.
    * de mayor o menor importancia = great and small.
    * de menor importancia = fringe subject, of fringe interest.
    * de menor importancia para = on the fringe of.
    * de poca importancia = menial, small-time.
    * de primordial importancia = of prime importance, of paramount importance.
    * de segunda importancia = marginal, back burner, on the back burner, second in importance.
    * de segunda importancia en relación con = secondary to.
    * destacar la importa = underscore + importance.
    * destacar la importancia de = stress + the importance of, emphasise + the importance of, highlight + the importance of.
    * de suma importancia = of the utmost importance, of utmost importance.
    * de suprema importancia = of the highest significance.
    * de tercera importancia = tertiary.
    * de vital importancia = vitally important.
    * disminuir la importancia de = lessen + the importance of.
    * donde el tiempo es de suma importancia = time-critical.
    * en orden de importancia = in rank order, in order.
    * falta de importancia = worthlessness.
    * ganar cada vez más importancia = go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength.
    * ganar importancia = grow in + importance, grow in + strength, gain + prominence, grow in + significance, gain + significance, gain in + importance.
    * gente de poca importancia = small fry, the.
    * importancia cada vez mayor = growing importance, growing significance.
    * importancia histórica = historical significance.
    * importancia primordial = key importance.
    * importancia + radicar = the importance of + Nombre + lie.
    * importancia + residir = the importance of + Nombre + lie.
    * importancia + yacer = the importance of + Nombre + lie.
    * minimizar la importancia = minimise + importance.
    * nada de importancia = nothing in particular.
    * no darle demasiada importancia a Algo = think + little of.
    * no darle demasiada importancia a + Infinitivo = think + nothing of + Gerundio.
    * no darle importancia a = think + very little about/of.
    * no percatarse de la importancia de Algo = have + no feeling for.
    * no poder dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = cannot + give + too much emphasis + to the importance of, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be stressed too strongly.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overemphasised, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstressed, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstated.
    * no tener importancia = be of no importance, make + no difference, be of no consequence.
    * no tener la menor importancia = be of no particular concern.
    * ordenar por orden de importancia = rank + in order.
    * orden decreciente de importancia = decreasing order of importance.
    * orden de importancia = significance order of terms, pecking order, significance order.
    * pérdida de importancia = demise, swing away from.
    * poca importancia = unimportance, low profile.
    * poner de relieve la importancia = underscore + importance.
    * prestar importancia a = place + weight on.
    * que le presta gran importancia a la cultura = culture-conscious.
    * quitar importancia = de-emphasise [de-emphasize, -USA], understate, trivialise [trivialize, -USA], minimise + importance, downplay, gloss over, negate, soft-pedal.
    * quitar importancia a un problema = trivialise + trouble.
    * quitarle importancia a las cosas = make + light of things.
    * realzar la importancia = heighten + importance.
    * recalcar la importancia de = stress + the importance of.
    * recibir importancia = enjoy + prominence.
    * remarcar la importancia = underline + importance.
    * resaltar la importancia = underscore + importance.
    * resaltar la importancia de = stress + the importance of, emphasise + the importance of, highlight + the importance of.
    * restar importancia = minimise + importance, downplay, gloss over, negate, soft-pedal.
    * restarle importancia a las cosas = make + light of things.
    * ser de importancia primordial = be of key importance.
    * ser de importancia vital = lie at + the heart of.
    * sin darle importancia = airily.
    * sin importancia = negligible, unimportant, trifling, immaterial, of no consequence.
    * subrayar la importancia = underline + importance, underscore + importance.
    * tema de secundaria importancia = footnote.
    * tener gran importancia = be of high significance.
    * tener importancia = carry + weight, have + high profile, be of consequence.
    * tener la misma importancia = carry + equal weight.
    * * *
    femenino importance

    detalles sin importancia — minor o insignificant details

    concederle or darle importancia a algo — to attach importance to something

    quitarle or restarle importancia a algo — to play down the importance of something

    ¿y eso qué importancia tiene? — so what?

    darse importancia — to give oneself airs

    * * *
    = importance, merit, notability, pre-eminence [preeminence], prominence, significance, standing, stature, value, distinction, visibility, centrality, meaningfulness, worthwhileness, profile, premium, import, fuse, consequence.

    Ex: This format is becoming common in new thesauri, partly because the recognition of the importance of viewing both relationships and subject terms in one tool.

    Ex: Much will be said later about the merits and drawbacks of the various types of index and approaches to indexing.
    Ex: Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.
    Ex: Despite its pre-eminence, or possibly because of it, DC has its critics.
    Ex: Weights are a quantitative measure of the prominence of various index terms in the description of a subject and may form the basis of an alternative search logic.
    Ex: Whatever viewpoint is taken, it is difficult to dispute the significance of AACR1.
    Ex: Their sheer institutional standing and regard have had a bearing upon the creation of a situation which is a good deal better than it might otherwise have been.
    Ex: Merely having the materials available will not provide the desired boost to the library's stature unless the collection is exceptional.
    Ex: This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.
    Ex: Mystery and detective stories, love and romance fiction, adventure and western stories, recent novels widely publicized but of little literary distinction, popularizations of current affairs characterized by sensationalism and easy dogmatism rather than by dispassionate and qualified analysis -- these and similar books are widely circulated by the public library.
    Ex: The new director considers that there is need for recruitment of librarians from all backgrounds into the profession and that librarianship needs higher visibility within society.
    Ex: Gilman advocated the academic library's centrality to research.
    Ex: The author challenges the meaningfulness of precision and recall values as a measure of performance of a retrieval system.
    Ex: But it always assumes the importance, the worthwhileness, of human experience even when -- as in tragedy -- it finds much in that experience evil.
    Ex: There is also a further dilemma concerning formats such as film and audio which have tended to receive a lower profile in the library world (too awkward, too cluttered with copyright restrictions, too technically instable).
    Ex: To presuppose that clients will continue to travel to defined locations earmarked as libraries in search of information is to deny the premium on time prevalent in today's culture.
    Ex: A new set of conventions has had to be developed, using mathematical symbols mainly, which have international import.
    Ex: Accessibility is the most important factor in determining the level of fuse of an information source.
    Ex: I am looking for guidance on a potential digitization project of some consequence.
    * adquirir importancia = assume + importance, attain + importance, come up, take on + added weight, gain + significance, move up + the agenda, gain + importance, gain in + importance.
    * adquirir importancia histórica = make + history, go down in + history.
    * asunto de importancia = matter of weight, matter of consequence.
    * asunto sin importancia = matter of no consequence.
    * aumentar de importancia = grow in + importance, grow in + significance.
    * clasificar en orden de importancia = rank + in order of importance.
    * cobrar importancia = assume + importance, take on + added weight, move up + the agenda, gain + importance, be on the agenda.
    * conceder importancia = accord + significance level, attach + importance, place + importance.
    * conceder mucha importancia a = lay + great store on.
    * concienciar a Alguien de la importancia de la información = raise + information awareness.
    * consciente de la importancia de la información = information conscious.
    * crecer en importancia = grow from + strength to strength, increase in + importance.
    * cuestión de importancia = matter of consequence.
    * cuestión sin importancia = matter of no consequence.
    * dar a Algo más importancia de la que tiene = oversell.
    * dar bastante importancia a = place + great store on.
    * dar importancia = attach + importance, give + prominence, stress, give + pre-eminence, give + relevance, place + importance, give + importance.
    * dar importancia a = give + weight to, place + emphasis on, attach + weight to, create + a high profile for, give + a high profile, place + weight on.
    * dar importancia a Algo = put + Algo + on the agenda, be on the agenda.
    * dar mayor importancia a = give + pride of place to.
    * dar mucha importancia = put + a premium on.
    * de capital importancia = momentous, of cardinal importance.
    * de crucial importancia = crucially important.
    * de especial importancia = of particular note.
    * de fundamental importancia = of prime importance, critically important.
    * de importancia = of note, of consequence.
    * de importancia creciente = of growing importance.
    * de importancia crucial = crucially important.
    * de importancia fundamental = critically important.
    * de importancia secundaria = incidental.
    * de mayor o menor importancia = great and small.
    * de menor importancia = fringe subject, of fringe interest.
    * de menor importancia para = on the fringe of.
    * de poca importancia = menial, small-time.
    * de primordial importancia = of prime importance, of paramount importance.
    * de segunda importancia = marginal, back burner, on the back burner, second in importance.
    * de segunda importancia en relación con = secondary to.
    * destacar la importa = underscore + importance.
    * destacar la importancia de = stress + the importance of, emphasise + the importance of, highlight + the importance of.
    * de suma importancia = of the utmost importance, of utmost importance.
    * de suprema importancia = of the highest significance.
    * de tercera importancia = tertiary.
    * de vital importancia = vitally important.
    * disminuir la importancia de = lessen + the importance of.
    * donde el tiempo es de suma importancia = time-critical.
    * en orden de importancia = in rank order, in order.
    * falta de importancia = worthlessness.
    * ganar cada vez más importancia = go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength.
    * ganar importancia = grow in + importance, grow in + strength, gain + prominence, grow in + significance, gain + significance, gain in + importance.
    * gente de poca importancia = small fry, the.
    * importancia cada vez mayor = growing importance, growing significance.
    * importancia histórica = historical significance.
    * importancia primordial = key importance.
    * importancia + radicar = the importance of + Nombre + lie.
    * importancia + residir = the importance of + Nombre + lie.
    * importancia + yacer = the importance of + Nombre + lie.
    * minimizar la importancia = minimise + importance.
    * nada de importancia = nothing in particular.
    * no darle demasiada importancia a Algo = think + little of.
    * no darle demasiada importancia a + Infinitivo = think + nothing of + Gerundio.
    * no darle importancia a = think + very little about/of.
    * no percatarse de la importancia de Algo = have + no feeling for.
    * no poder dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = cannot + give + too much emphasis + to the importance of, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be stressed too strongly.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overemphasised, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstressed, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstated.
    * no tener importancia = be of no importance, make + no difference, be of no consequence.
    * no tener la menor importancia = be of no particular concern.
    * ordenar por orden de importancia = rank + in order.
    * orden decreciente de importancia = decreasing order of importance.
    * orden de importancia = significance order of terms, pecking order, significance order.
    * pérdida de importancia = demise, swing away from.
    * poca importancia = unimportance, low profile.
    * poner de relieve la importancia = underscore + importance.
    * prestar importancia a = place + weight on.
    * que le presta gran importancia a la cultura = culture-conscious.
    * quitar importancia = de-emphasise [de-emphasize, -USA], understate, trivialise [trivialize, -USA], minimise + importance, downplay, gloss over, negate, soft-pedal.
    * quitar importancia a un problema = trivialise + trouble.
    * quitarle importancia a las cosas = make + light of things.
    * realzar la importancia = heighten + importance.
    * recalcar la importancia de = stress + the importance of.
    * recibir importancia = enjoy + prominence.
    * remarcar la importancia = underline + importance.
    * resaltar la importancia = underscore + importance.
    * resaltar la importancia de = stress + the importance of, emphasise + the importance of, highlight + the importance of.
    * restar importancia = minimise + importance, downplay, gloss over, negate, soft-pedal.
    * restarle importancia a las cosas = make + light of things.
    * ser de importancia primordial = be of key importance.
    * ser de importancia vital = lie at + the heart of.
    * sin darle importancia = airily.
    * sin importancia = negligible, unimportant, trifling, immaterial, of no consequence.
    * subrayar la importancia = underline + importance, underscore + importance.
    * tema de secundaria importancia = footnote.
    * tener gran importancia = be of high significance.
    * tener importancia = carry + weight, have + high profile, be of consequence.
    * tener la misma importancia = carry + equal weight.

    * * *
    importance
    temas de gran importancia matters of great importance o significance o ( frml) of great import
    ésos son detalles sin importancia those are minor o unimportant o insignificant details
    trató de quitarle or restarle importancia al problema she tried to make light of the problem, she tried to play down the importance of the problem
    no debemos darle tanta importancia a este tema we should not make so much of this matter, we should not attach too much importance to this matter
    siento llegar tarde — no tiene importancia I'm sorry I'm late — it doesn't matter
    ¿y eso qué importancia tiene? so what?
    darse importancia to give oneself airs
    * * *

     

    importancia sustantivo femenino
    importance;

    quitarle importancia a algo to play down the importance of sth;
    detalles sin importancia minor o insignificant details;
    no tiene importancia it doesn't matter;
    darse importancia to give oneself airs
    importancia sustantivo femenino importance, significance: no te preocupes, no tiene importancia, don't worry, it's nothing
    el accidente fue de cierta importancia, the accident was quite serious
    dar importancia a, to attach importance to
    quitarle importancia a algo, to play down the importance of sthg
    sin importancia, unimportant
    ♦ Locuciones: darse importancia, to give oneself airs

    ' importancia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acento
    - acentuar
    - alta
    - alto
    - bagatela
    - calibre
    - cobrar
    - conceder
    - dimensión
    - énfasis
    - entidad
    - envergadura
    - escatológico
    - fallo
    - ignorar
    - incidir
    - insignificancia
    - insistir
    - interés
    - levedad
    - marcar
    - minúscula
    - minúsculo
    - niñería
    - palidecer
    - pequeña
    - pequeño
    - primera
    - primero
    - primordial
    - protagonismo
    - quitar
    - recalcar
    - relativa
    - relativo
    - relieve
    - representar
    - restar
    - revestir
    - subrayar
    - suceso
    - suma
    - sumo
    - talla
    - tontería
    - valor
    - vital
    - vuelo
    - alguno
    - capital
    English:
    account
    - attach
    - count
    - emphasize
    - importance
    - incidental
    - irrelevant
    - issue
    - light
    - little
    - major
    - matter
    - mind
    - minimize
    - minor
    - moment
    - momentous
    - override
    - paramount
    - play down
    - primary
    - prime
    - prominence
    - read
    - ride
    - shrug off
    - significance
    - smooth over
    - store
    - thrust forward
    - unimportant
    - vital
    - vitally
    - all
    - all right
    - consideration
    - descend
    - detail
    - emphasis
    - gloss
    - hot
    - import
    - magistrate
    - menial
    - play
    - small
    - trifling
    - utmost
    * * *
    importance;
    de importancia important, of importance;
    un tratamiento médico reservado a los casos de importancia a treatment reserved for serious cases;
    un arquitecto de importancia an important architect;
    recibió un golpe de cierta importancia he took a fairly heavy knock;
    adquirir o [m5] cobrar importancia to become important, to take on significance;
    dar importancia a algo to attach importance to sth;
    darse importancia to give oneself airs;
    no tiene importancia [no es importante] it's not important;
    [no pasa nada] it doesn't matter;
    sin importancia unimportant;
    ha sido un rasguño sin importancia it's only a little scratch;
    quitar o [m5] restar importancia a algo to play sth down
    * * *
    f importance;
    dar importancia a attach importance to;
    restar importancia a algo make light of sth, play sth down;
    tener importancia be important;
    no tiene importancia it’s not important, it doesn’t matter;
    sin importancia unimportant;
    darse importancia give o.s. airs
    * * *
    : importance
    * * *
    importancia n importance
    darse importancia to give yourself airs [pt. gave; pp. given]
    tener importancia to be important / to matter

    Spanish-English dictionary > importancia

  • 18 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 19 Perkins, Jacob

    [br]
    b. 9 July 1766 Newburyport, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 30 July 1849 London, England
    [br]
    American inventor of a nail-making machine and a method of printing banknotes, investigator of the use of steam at very high pressures.
    [br]
    Perkins's occupation was that of a gold-and silversmith; while he does not seem to have followed this after 1800, however, it gave him the skills in working metals which he would continue to employ in his inventions. He had been working in America for four years before he patented his nail-making machine in 1796. At the time there was a great shortage of nails because only hand-forged ones were available. By 1800, other people had followed his example and produced automatic nail-making machines, but in 1811 Perkins' improved machines were introduced to England by J.C. Dyer. Eventually Perkins had twenty-one American patents for a range of inventions in his name.
    In 1799 Perkins invented a system of engraving steel plates for printing banknotes, which became the foundation of modern siderographic work. It discouraged forging and was adopted by many banking houses, including the Federal Government when the Second United States Bank was inaugurated in 1816. This led Perkins to move to Philadelphia. In the intervening years, Perkins had improved his nail-making machine, invented a machine for graining morocco leather in 1809, a fire-engine in 1812, a letter-lock for bank vaults and improved methods of rolling out spoons in 1813, and improved armament and equipment for naval ships from 1812 to 1815.
    It was in Philadelphia that Perkins became interested in the steam engine, when he met Oliver Evans, who had pioneered the use of high-pressure steam. He became a member of the American Philosophical Society and conducted experiments on the compressibility of water before a committee of that society. Perkins claimed to have liquified air during his experiments in 1822 and, if so, was the real discoverer of the liquification of gases. In 1819 he came to England to demonstrate his forgery-proof system of printing banknotes, but the Bank of England was the only one which did not adopt his system.
    While in London, Perkins began to experiment with the highest steam pressures used up to that time and in 1822 took out his first of nineteen British patents. This was followed by another in 1823 for a 10 hp (7.5 kW) engine with only 2 in. (51 mm) bore, 12 in. (305 mm) stroke but a pressure of 500 psi (35 kg/cm2), for which he claimed exceptional economy. After 1826, Perkins abandoned his drum boiler for iron tubes and steam pressures of 1,500 psi (105 kg/cm2), but the materials would not withstand such pressures or temperatures for long. It was in that same year that he patented a form of uniflow cylinder that was later taken up by L.J. Todd. One of his engines ran for five days, continuously pumping water at St Katherine's docks, but Perkins could not raise more finance to continue his experiments.
    In 1823 one his high-pressure hot-water systems was installed to heat the Duke of Wellington's house at Stratfield Saye and it acquired a considerable vogue, being used by Sir John Soane, among others. In 1834 Perkins patented a compression ice-making apparatus, but it did not succeed commercially because ice was imported more cheaply from Norway as ballast for sailing ships. Perkins was often dubbed "the American inventor" because his inquisitive personality allied to his inventive ingenuity enabled him to solve so many mechanical challenges.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1943, biography which appeared previously as a shortened version in the Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24.
    D.Bathe and G.Bathe, 1943–5, "The contribution of Jacob Perkins to science and engineering", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24.
    D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, From Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann (includes comments on the importance of Perkins's steam engine).
    A.F.Dufton, 1940–1, "Early application of engineering to warming of buildings", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 21 (includes a note on Perkins's application of a high-pressure hot-water heating system).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Perkins, Jacob

  • 20 afectar

    v.
    1 to affect.
    las medidas afectan a los pensionistas the measures affect pensioners
    La conversación afecta sus ideas The conversation affects his ideas.
    2 to upset, to affect badly.
    le afectó mucho la muerte de su hermano his brother's death hit him hard
    3 to damage.
    a esta madera le afecta mucho la humedad this wood is easily damaged by damp
    4 to affect, to feign.
    afectó enfado he feigned o affected anger
    María afecta interés pero no es así Mary feigns interest but it is not so.
    5 to pretend to.
    El chico afecta saber mucho The boy pretends to know a lot.
    * * *
    1 (aparentar) to affect
    2 (impresionar) to move
    3 (dañar) to damage
    4 (concernir) to concern
    1 (impresionarse) to be affected, be moved
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=repercutir sobre) to affect
    2) (=entristecer) to sadden; (=conmover) to move
    3) frm (=fingir) to affect, feign

    afectar ignorancia — to affect o feign ignorance

    4) (Jur) to tie up, encumber
    5) LAm [+ forma] to take, assume
    6) LAm (=destinar) to allocate
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( tener efecto en) to affect
    b) ( afligir) to affect (frml)
    2) ( fingir) <admiración/indiferencia> to affect, feign
    * * *
    = affect, colour [color, -USA], cut into, disturb, hit, impair, mar, plague, take + Posesivo + toll (on), beset (with/by), concern, afflict, disrupt, bias, prejudice, cross over, bedevil, dog, dent, make + a dent in, ail, strike, spill over into, take + a toll on, hobble, cast + an impact.
    Ex. Errors such as indexers assigning unsuitable terms to concepts, or relationships being omitted, will affect precision.
    Ex. Lastly, the style, length and contents of an abstract should and will be coloured by the resources of the abstracting agency.
    Ex. The paperback has cut sharply into fiction circulation, and Ennis is right in questioning this type of library.
    Ex. Transcribe the data as found, however, if case endings are affected, if the grammatical construction of the data would be disturbed, or if one element is inseparably linked to another.
    Ex. Flooding, fire, earthquake, collapsed buildings and landslides are the most frequent kinds of disasters to hit libraries: nearly all will lead to wet books.
    Ex. It is difficult to neglect either entirely, without impairing the effectiveness in fulfilling the other objective.
    Ex. Unfortunately, much of Metcalfe's writing is marred by what appears to be a deep-rooted prejudice against the classified approach, particularly as exemplified by Ranganathan.
    Ex. Title indexes have always been plagued by the absence of terminology control.
    Ex. The pressures which modern society puts on all its members are great and those pressures take their toll.
    Ex. Since 1963 they have produced their own bibliographic listings with various degrees of efficiency and comprehensiveness but usually with the same depressing tardiness in recording new publications which has so beset the UNDEX listings.
    Ex. The first issue concerns the consistent description of subjects.
    Ex. There will also be those who have in fact decided what information they need but are afflicted by the paralysis of 'unverbalised thought'.
    Ex. Essentially, problem patrons can be considered in three groups: (1) the dangerous or apparently dangerous; (2) the patron who disrupts readers; and (3) the nuisance whose focus is the librarian.
    Ex. A sample would be biased if some elements in the population have no chance of selection.
    Ex. The very requirements for success in one area may prejudice success in another.
    Ex. Conversely, indirect costs are those factors that are difficult to assign to individual products because they cross over several products.
    Ex. The article has the title 'Piracy, crooked printers, inflation bedevil Russian publishing'.
    Ex. The title of the article is 'Sweeping away the problems that dog the industry?'.
    Ex. Perhaps by the year 2010 newspaper circulations might be seriously dented by online services.
    Ex. Office automation products and techniques will be able to make a sizeable dent in the growing number of office workers.
    Ex. The federal government has been once again defined as something broken and part of the problem ailing America.
    Ex. The collections of the National Library of the Czech Republic have suffered from the floods that recently struck a large part of the country.
    Ex. The artificiality of institutional concepts has spilled over into the structure of the publishing services on which the user depends for Community information.
    Ex. Agoraphobia can take a toll on sufferers' families as well as the sufferers themselves, as some agoraphobics may become housebound or cling to certain people for safety.
    Ex. With Florida's no-fault auto insurance law set to expire in October, there are fears that that medical services could be hobbled.
    Ex. An interest-rate increase is a weapon to fight inflation which will cast an impact on all industries.
    ----
    * afectar a = cut across, have + impact (on), have + effect on, have + implication for, impinge on/upon, operate on, carry over to.
    * afectar a la eficacia de Algo = prejudice + effectiveness.
    * afectar al mundo = span + the globe.
    * afectar a todo = run through.
    * afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.
    * afectar a una decisión = colour + decision, affect + decision.
    * afectar completamente = engulf.
    * afectar directamente = cut to + the quick.
    * afectar directamente a = cut to + the heart of.
    * afectar fuertemente = hit + hard.
    * afectar mucho = hit + hard.
    * dificultad + afectar = difficulty + dog.
    * no afectar = be immune against, leave + unaffected.
    * no ser afectado = leave + unaffected.
    * problema + afectar = problem + afflict, problem + plague.
    * problemática que afecta a = issues + surrounding.
    * que afecta a = surrounding.
    * que afecta a toda la sociedad = culture-wide.
    * que afecta a todas las culturas = culture-wide.
    * que afecta a varias edades = cross-age [cross age].
    * que afecta a varias generaciones = cross-generational.
    * ser afectado por = have + a high stake in.
    * sin ser afectado = untouched.
    * verse muy afectado por = have + a high stake in.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( tener efecto en) to affect
    b) ( afligir) to affect (frml)
    2) ( fingir) <admiración/indiferencia> to affect, feign
    * * *
    = affect, colour [color, -USA], cut into, disturb, hit, impair, mar, plague, take + Posesivo + toll (on), beset (with/by), concern, afflict, disrupt, bias, prejudice, cross over, bedevil, dog, dent, make + a dent in, ail, strike, spill over into, take + a toll on, hobble, cast + an impact.

    Ex: Errors such as indexers assigning unsuitable terms to concepts, or relationships being omitted, will affect precision.

    Ex: Lastly, the style, length and contents of an abstract should and will be coloured by the resources of the abstracting agency.
    Ex: The paperback has cut sharply into fiction circulation, and Ennis is right in questioning this type of library.
    Ex: Transcribe the data as found, however, if case endings are affected, if the grammatical construction of the data would be disturbed, or if one element is inseparably linked to another.
    Ex: Flooding, fire, earthquake, collapsed buildings and landslides are the most frequent kinds of disasters to hit libraries: nearly all will lead to wet books.
    Ex: It is difficult to neglect either entirely, without impairing the effectiveness in fulfilling the other objective.
    Ex: Unfortunately, much of Metcalfe's writing is marred by what appears to be a deep-rooted prejudice against the classified approach, particularly as exemplified by Ranganathan.
    Ex: Title indexes have always been plagued by the absence of terminology control.
    Ex: The pressures which modern society puts on all its members are great and those pressures take their toll.
    Ex: Since 1963 they have produced their own bibliographic listings with various degrees of efficiency and comprehensiveness but usually with the same depressing tardiness in recording new publications which has so beset the UNDEX listings.
    Ex: The first issue concerns the consistent description of subjects.
    Ex: There will also be those who have in fact decided what information they need but are afflicted by the paralysis of 'unverbalised thought'.
    Ex: Essentially, problem patrons can be considered in three groups: (1) the dangerous or apparently dangerous; (2) the patron who disrupts readers; and (3) the nuisance whose focus is the librarian.
    Ex: A sample would be biased if some elements in the population have no chance of selection.
    Ex: The very requirements for success in one area may prejudice success in another.
    Ex: Conversely, indirect costs are those factors that are difficult to assign to individual products because they cross over several products.
    Ex: The article has the title 'Piracy, crooked printers, inflation bedevil Russian publishing'.
    Ex: The title of the article is 'Sweeping away the problems that dog the industry?'.
    Ex: Perhaps by the year 2010 newspaper circulations might be seriously dented by online services.
    Ex: Office automation products and techniques will be able to make a sizeable dent in the growing number of office workers.
    Ex: The federal government has been once again defined as something broken and part of the problem ailing America.
    Ex: The collections of the National Library of the Czech Republic have suffered from the floods that recently struck a large part of the country.
    Ex: The artificiality of institutional concepts has spilled over into the structure of the publishing services on which the user depends for Community information.
    Ex: Agoraphobia can take a toll on sufferers' families as well as the sufferers themselves, as some agoraphobics may become housebound or cling to certain people for safety.
    Ex: With Florida's no-fault auto insurance law set to expire in October, there are fears that that medical services could be hobbled.
    Ex: An interest-rate increase is a weapon to fight inflation which will cast an impact on all industries.
    * afectar a = cut across, have + impact (on), have + effect on, have + implication for, impinge on/upon, operate on, carry over to.
    * afectar a la eficacia de Algo = prejudice + effectiveness.
    * afectar al mundo = span + the globe.
    * afectar a todo = run through.
    * afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.
    * afectar a una decisión = colour + decision, affect + decision.
    * afectar completamente = engulf.
    * afectar directamente = cut to + the quick.
    * afectar directamente a = cut to + the heart of.
    * afectar fuertemente = hit + hard.
    * afectar mucho = hit + hard.
    * dificultad + afectar = difficulty + dog.
    * no afectar = be immune against, leave + unaffected.
    * no ser afectado = leave + unaffected.
    * problema + afectar = problem + afflict, problem + plague.
    * problemática que afecta a = issues + surrounding.
    * que afecta a = surrounding.
    * que afecta a toda la sociedad = culture-wide.
    * que afecta a todas las culturas = culture-wide.
    * que afecta a varias edades = cross-age [cross age].
    * que afecta a varias generaciones = cross-generational.
    * ser afectado por = have + a high stake in.
    * sin ser afectado = untouched.
    * verse muy afectado por = have + a high stake in.

    * * *
    afectar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (tener efecto en) to affect
    la nueva ley no afecta al pequeño empresario the new law doesn't affect the small businessman
    está afectado de una grave enfermedad pulmonar ( frml); he is suffering from a serious lung disease
    la enfermedad le afectó el cerebro the illness affected her brain
    las zonas afectadas por las inundaciones the areas hit o affected by the floods
    2 (afligir) to affect ( frml)
    lo que dijiste lo afectó mucho what you said upset him terribly
    3 ( Der) ‹bienes› to encumber
    B (fingir) ‹admiración/indiferencia› to affect, feign afectar + INF to pretend to + INF
    * * *

     

    afectar ( conjugate afectar) verbo transitivo
    1


    b) ( afligir) to affect (frml);


    2 ( fingir) ‹admiración/indiferencia› to affect, feign
    afectar verbo transitivo
    1 (incumbir) to affect: la medida nos afecta a todos, the measure affects us all
    2 (impresionar, entristecer) to affect, sadden: le afectó mucho la muerte de su padre, she was deeply affected by her father's death
    ' afectar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    inmune
    - tocar
    - afligir
    - impresionar
    - repercutir
    - sacudir
    English:
    affect
    - damage
    - get
    - hit
    - tell
    - upset
    - dent
    - difference
    - disrupt
    - impair
    - interfere
    - touch
    - whole
    * * *
    1. [incumbir] to affect;
    las medidas afectan a los pensionistas the measures affect pensioners
    2. [afligir] to upset, to affect badly;
    todo lo afecta he's very sensitive;
    lo afectó mucho la muerte de su hermano his brother's death hit him hard
    3. [producir perjuicios en] to damage;
    la sequía que afectó a la región the drought which hit the region;
    a esta madera le afecta mucho la humedad this wood is easily damaged by damp
    4. [simular] to affect, to feign;
    afectó enfado he feigned o affected anger
    5. RP [destinar, asignar] to assign
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( producir efecto en) affect
    2 ( conmover) upset, affect
    3 ( fingir) feign
    * * *
    1) : to affect
    2) : to upset
    3) : to feign, to pretend
    * * *
    1. to affect
    2. (conmover) to affect / to upset [pt. & pp. upset]

    Spanish-English dictionary > afectar

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